Probably, at first the reader will think that the material is mythical in nature. After all, to create a newspaper you need to become a gray-haired man with a beard and in a leather chair at a long table. This is true, but I want to talk about how to create a small newspaper for your school, university or something much more?..
Idea for the studio!
First of all, you need to think over the concept of the publication. Answer the following questions for yourself: who is my newspaper for, how often will I publish it, is there a desire to do this regularly, how can I interest the reader? These are the top-priority questions, the answers to which will become the starting point of your media plan. In such a case, a business plan or media plan will guide you on how, what and how much you will do.
Editorial board
Assemble your own editorial board. Let your journey begin with this. These must be interested people who, like you, will devote themselves to the task, otherwise nothing will come of it. Explain why you are trying, talk about the benefits, prospects, benefits of what you will do together. Only after this start working.
Who will you need? A layout designer is a person who will design the appearance of your publication. Any newspaper cannot live on content alone; it needs form. Try to find a colleague for yourself, preferably with an art education or simply someone who has good taste and knows how to draw. And, of course, skills in Adobe Page Maker or Indezign will not hurt.
The layout may fade if the reader sees errors in the title. Therefore, the next member of your editorial board should be a style editor and proofreader. Since you cannot afford a huge composition yet, ask the style editor to also do proofreading. You also cannot do without a photographer. For this position, find yourself not only a person with a good camera, but also with equally good taste. Perhaps he already has a lot of good pictures in stock, if not, feel free to give him instructions. Have you forgotten anyone? Of course, journalists. Someone has to write to your newspaper. If this is a school newspaper issue, then I would advise you to find people who have the highest grades in literary essays as correspondents. So, the team is assembled, what next?
Room plan
Usually in school newspapers the issue is prepared for some holiday. It turns out to be a kind of themed number. This should work to your advantage. You can play with the publication's logo. For example, if this is an issue dedicated to Teacher’s Day, make a book next to the logo, and on one of its pages place the serial number of the newspaper or the school’s coat of arms. Organize a planning meeting in your mini-edition. Discuss what you want to see on the front page, what will become the nail material, which photographs will fit in the newspaper, which ones need to be retaken. Talk about design, discuss headings. Make up headings, come up with laconic and sonorous names for them, choose a person for the issue, etc. In a word, “grind” everything that could then spoil the appearance of your newspaper. And then - go to work!
Dead line
This is what newspapers call critical deadlines for submitting materials. Indicate by what date the proofreader should have the material. And then it’s a matter of technology. The materials are proofread, corrected, arranged into headings, and illustrations are selected for them. And only after that they are sent into the hands of a layout designer, who will make a newspaper page from many Word documents. When the layout designer and editor agree that the layout is ready, you can convert the pages to PDF and print them out. And now you are seeing the fruit of your sleepless nights, and in some cases, missed lessons. And then again - editorial everyday life...
Instead of P.S.
Here I would like to talk about the rules for registering your own newspaper in Belarus. If your school newspaper is so popular that its circulation exceeds the 300-copy mark, then it can be officially registered. To register, you will need the following documents: passport, application, copy of the editorial board’s charter, decision to create it, documents confirming payment of the registration fee, as well as approval of media placement with the local executive committee. In addition, there are many nuances that you will learn about if you still want to publish your own newspaper. In the meantime, good luck!
The printing business today is experiencing a rapid decline. Any publication pays for itself in 5-7 years on average, and the publisher has to work practically at a loss, investing huge amounts of money on promoting the newspaper or
The lion's share of our society prefers to study online projects rather than read printed materials. Therefore, it is logical that many publishing houses are switching to electronic form of their newspapers and magazines.
An online newspaper is an electronic version of periodicals that are published and developed on the Internet. They read such a newspaper directly online on its official website.
What are the advantages of running such a business? Advantages of an online publication
All the advantages of an online newspaper can be divided into the following groups:
Your own newspaper as a business idea - prospects, risks and pitfalls of business are discussed in this video:
Business plan for an online newspaper
The first step is to decide on the main topic of the publication and the audience for which the information will be intended. It is worth carefully analyzing what type of publication will be of interest to resource visitors.
You can write news articles yourself, or use the services of freelance journalists who work for. For a high-quality and interesting e-newspaper, you need exclusive content that will favorably emphasize the uniqueness of the site against the background of other news clones.
If freelancers have been found, you can safely create a staff of employees who will work on a permanent basis. It is imperative to discuss payment terms and material requirements with them.
It is also worth getting technical support, an experienced webmaster, a qualified designer, a photographer and other specialists. They will significantly relieve your schedule, and the freed up time can be used to think about ways to develop the newspaper.
The next step is to decide on the frequency of publication. At first, one or two publications per month will be enough, provided that the news feed is updated regularly. During this time, you can identify and correct the mistakes made, and then increase the frequency of publication.
The main source of income for an online newspaper is the placement of advertising posts, banners and various affiliate programs on its site. You can also make a profit by providing additional services.
These include:
- publication of paid advertisements;
- placement of a directory of commercial and government structures of the city, etc.
Online newspaper promotion
To develop the resource and receive additional traffic, news aggregators are used. This is a service that collects and structures news automatically. To do this, you need to register your newspaper on large aggregators on the network, on traffic exchangers. You can also look for sites that share traffic yourself.
How to promote an online newspaper and make it popular? Another powerful way to popularize an e-newspaper is promotion on social networks. You can find out how to create a group for the online newspaper VKontakte
Now almost all serious electronic publications have their own account on Facebook and Twitter. These two resources are considered the best in terms of increasing traffic and popularizing the project.
Cost and profitability
Depending on how much work you do yourself, the starting capital of the project will depend. Option one: you create and layout a newspaper yourself, write articles or collaborate with freelancers - the starting capital will be minimal, about 30-40 thousand rubles.
Option two: you hire a full-fledged staff, which includes designers, photographers, layout designers, and journalists. In this case you will have to spend:
- for design 20 thousand rubles;
- for layout 25 thousand rubles;
- writing articles 20 thousand rubles per issue;
- newspaper advertising 30 thousand rubles;
- payment for photographer services is 20 thousand rubles.
You can also add rent for an office to the list of expenses, which may be needed if the newspaper employs a full-fledged staff. Thus, about 20-30 thousand rubles should be added to the initial cost.
The total amount of capital will be more than 100 thousand rubles. The amount of this amount depends on the number of pages, content, frequency and much more.
The profitability of the project also depends on many factors - the number of paid services provided, the number of subscribers, etc. For example, if more than 1,000 readers subscribe to an online newspaper, then you can calculate a stable income of more than 90 thousand rubles per month.
Creating an online newspaper is a fairly profitable direction. The secret to success in this case is a competent approach to and careful consideration of each point of this plan.
The topic should be in demand, the design should be interesting and attractive, the information should be updated regularly, and using the site should not be confusing or difficult for the reader. You need to take into account the interests of subscribers and constantly work on the development and promotion of your project.
You can learn how to work with an online newspaper in the following video:
In the sphere of mass media, newspapers are given one of the places of honor. Now print publications have begun to be actively replaced by news sites.
However, there are still many people who prefer to hold the latest issue of their favorite newspaper in their hands.
That is why we can now observe the growth and prosperity of such publications. People who frequently read newspapers are generally considered by society to be intellectuals who value useful information and their own time.
It is the availability of up-to-date information that makes these publications successful. Compared to news sites, newspapers cannot afford to have a lot of unnecessary information due to space limitations.
Independent business
So, if you are interested in how to create a newspaper, then this question is worth considering. First, you will need to register your business. After this, you should think about a suitable room. If we talk about what it takes to open a newspaper, then only large areas should be considered. To begin with, you can limit yourself to a three-room apartment, which can be easily converted into an office.
The lowest budget newspaper will require at least three rooms. The appearance of the premises should be quite presentable, since over time advertisers will come to the editorial office, as well as citizens who simply want to submit an advertisement to the newspaper. The optimal localization location may be something that is located near a transport stop.
Without staff you can't go anywhere
If you are seriously thinking about how to create a newspaper, you must understand that it requires a considerable number of people for its full functioning. You will need one accountant to start with (but as cash flows grow, this number may well change), computer typing operators whose task will be the actual typing of articles and advertisements.
You can’t do without a professional designer. His responsibilities will include creating advertising layouts if the advertiser does not provide the necessary material. Depending on the periodization of the newspaper you are creating, you will need at least one layout designer, that is, a person whose task is to create the layout of the newspaper. In addition, you need to hire two advertising agents.
Speaking about how to create a newspaper, it should be noted that employees should not be constantly in the office, since their main task is to make calls and organize meetings with clients to publish advertisements in your publication. Naturally, the most important workers in this case will be journalists. Creating a weekly magazine will require you to hire at least three professionals in this field.
Newspaper contents
If we talk about how to create a newspaper, it is worth noting that a regular publication in a small city, as a rule, is published no more than twice a week. This allows journalists to prepare high-quality material for publication. Almost every newspaper can be divided into three parts: an information block, an advertisement and a television program. It is important to understand that the significance of a publication is determined by its content. If a reader buys a newspaper once and does not find any interesting materials in it, then he will not buy it again.
You need to prepare for the fact that at first you will place advertisements in the newspaper for free, which will allow you to create her body. Until people know that a publication exists, they will not submit advertisements to it.
If we talk about information pages, then most of the information can be obtained without any special effort. Structures such as tax services, police, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and others provide information completely free of charge, since it is beneficial for them that the newspaper talks about their activities. In most publications, information from various government services makes up 60 percent of the content or more.
Branding
If you already have ideas for newspapers, then you should think about the name and logo of the future publication. It is these attributes that will take root in the minds of readers. If you choose the wrong name, it can simply ruin the newspaper, even if the materials it contains are of very high quality. You should also think about the image of the publication. You can quickly get labeled as tabloid by most people if you post low-quality or fictitious material. Exceptionally high quality content can lead to success.
Concept
If you are thinking about how to create your own newspaper, then first you should decide on the main idea and format. Research has shown that currently 35% of readers prefer regional business publications. However, you should also take into account the real balance of power in the media in the city where you are organizing your business.
If we consider the question of how to publish a newspaper, then it is worth saying that, if necessary, you can publish specialized publications on certain topics (finance, construction, etc.). If the reader's market is already overloaded with serious projects, then you can try publishing an entertainment format newspaper. Here it is important to remember about profitability, since a business publication can pay for itself in 7-12 months, while an entertainment publication may well require three years.
The publication must be in demand among potential readers and also become attractive to advertisers. Successful competition and development require considerable financial investments, a lot of effort and time. This will all pay off only if you take the matter seriously. This is why it is important to create a business plan for an advertising newspaper.
First steps
So, you have decided to create a regional business periodical. Your main potential readers may be managers and businessmen. It is necessary to determine the volume of the publication, the circulation of issues and the frequency of publication, and then decide whether any supplements will be published, after which you can begin to design the newspaper.
How are newspapers published?
Rake in the newspaper and magazine business.
As you know, in the public consciousness, the status of the publisher or editor of a newspaper (magazine) is immeasurably higher than, say, the owner of a store or restaurant. Perhaps this is why so many people want to become representatives of the “fourth estate”, and the number of newspapers and magazines will soon approach the number of readers.
Who usually comes up with a fresh idea to publish their own newspaper? Here are the main types of publishers:
1. You are a professional journalist.
And it is clear that you are extremely attracted by the opportunity to do what you consider it necessary to do, and not the owners of the publication in which you previously worked, not the editor-in-chief, not your immediate superior.
There is only one way to achieve such creative freedom: to become the editor-in-chief yourself, and even better, at the same time the owner of your own publication.
The most business-savvy media figures also view a newspaper as a large number of empty pages that can be filled from top to bottom with advertising. Money for air, money in exchange for cheap paper - isn't this a wonderful business?
2. You are an entrepreneur.
You have been paying money for years to advertise your company, your products and services. And one day an insight comes to you: why give your money to some other newspaper, when you can make your own newspaper and place the necessary advertising for free, in any quantity, and besides, take money from other entrepreneurs?
For example:
You are in real estate. It is quite logical to think about publishing a specialized publication on the purchase, sale and rental of real estate.
You have a recruitment agency. If our own newspaper appeared, it would be possible to place paid advertisements for job offers and job searches.
You are the owner of a chain of pet stores. Who is stopping you from becoming the publisher of a specialized newspaper (“Four Paws”, “Dog and Cat”, “Our Furry Friends”, “Children in a Cage”)?
3. You are a major entrepreneur.
I noticed that when a businessman rises above a certain level - in terms of income, business or political rating, he almost always has a desire to become a media tycoon. Having your own TV channel, your own newspaper or magazine is, firstly, prestigious, and secondly, you can “influence”. What exactly this “influence” will look like is extremely vague for the future Rupert Murdoch.
This desire is cultivated in every possible way by close journalists and writers, who hope to receive money from a rich uncle to publish a newspaper. As a rule, they have their own vision of the future publication and it rarely coincides with the vision of the investor. Strictly speaking, they are not at all interested in his opinion, but before receiving the money they express their complete agreement with him and enthusiastically listen to any nonsense.
results
Nine out of ten publishing ventures end in losses. Their size depends on the size of the initial capital, the ambitions of the initiators and their financial capabilities. If investors get tired of maintaining an unprofitable media outlet six months after launch, the losses are smaller; if out of stubbornness they hold out longer, then the losses will accordingly increase.
How to avoid losing money?
The answer is simple: do not publish a newspaper unless absolutely necessary. And before you enjoy the opportunities that await you as the owner or editor-in-chief of a newspaper, you should carefully calculate the disadvantages and potential losses.
Firstly, it is necessary to take into account that the sale of an edition (even if it is completely sold out) at best only covers production costs. Rare exceptions don't count; they don't make a difference. To make a profit, you need to have advertising.
If you are optimistic about the boom in advertisers, then ask yourself: Where would you place your ad - in a well-known newspaper with a large circulation or in a newspaper that you have never heard of before? Will you risk your own (not other people's!) money?
Of course, you can attract customers with low prices for advertising, but low prices also mean low income.
And it takes time for your publication to become known. With luck and an accurate marketing hit - six months at least, a year and a half - optimal. And all this time will have to publish a newspaper at a loss, and even invest in advertising to promote it (this is an indispensable condition: in order to receive advertising money, you must first give it away).
If you have an annual supply of financial strength (that is, money to pay for paper, printing services, journalists, editors, layout designers, designers, full-time distributors, etc.), then you can try. Of course, without a guarantee of a positive result.
Secondly, media publishing is an extremely labor-intensive and complex activity compared to other ways of making money.
The most difficult work awaits you: creating from scratch an original one, unlike other publications. And this includes developing the general concept of the newspaper, design, marketing strategy, choosing a printing house, establishing a production cycle, and the inevitable rush jobs on the day the newspaper is delivered (it’s also good if the newspaper is weekly and not daily).
You will have to manage so-called “creative people”, that is, individuals who, by definition, have little discipline and are optional; achieve timely delivery of materials and news.
You will need to create a distribution network, including persuading free distributors and newsstands to take your newspaper for sale - in addition to the dozens and hundreds of publications that are already on the shelves. And they don’t want to get involved with the new newspaper at all, because it’s unclear whether customers will take it.
You don't want to sell the newspaper, are you ready to give it away for free because you have enough advertisers, because the newspaper is filled with your own advertising?
Giving it away for free is a big headache. Imagine for a moment what it would be like to give away even 5,000 copies. Do you have a list of addresses to which the newspaper will be distributed by distributors (who, by the way, also need to be paid)? There it is easier for them to leave 30-50 copies in one place, in one organization, than to lose their legs running to hundreds of addresses. And you will not have any confidence that part of the circulation is not thrown into the trash bin closest to the editorial office.
In order not to depend on hired and often not very motivated employees, you will independently negotiate with the largest advertisers. The difficulty of this work can be easily imagined if you are an entrepreneur and have already encountered advertising agents or requests to place your ad in one publication or another.
What was your reaction? - “We're tired of it!”
Now it’s your turn to be annoying and not be offended by the aggressive reluctance of potential advertisers to meet with you and your employees.
In a word, if we compare the efforts required to publish a newspaper (I mean a real, full-fledged publication, and not a primitive collection of advertising modules, which few people are interested in, and this niche has been occupied for a long time), with work in other sectors of business, then there with the same labor costs you will earn several times more.
Thirdly, if you don’t want to be involved in publishing a newspaper yourself, but decide to limit yourself to the role of an investor and owner, then be prepared for the fact that the return on your money (and you will need much more of it than expected) will be very slow - no matter what the hired editor promises you .
He didn’t deceive you, he’s just more often than not a person who is far from real business. He looks at the newspaper from one side of the barricade - from the side of the person writing. But making newspaper materials and making a newspaper are two very different things.
What is required here is not so much the qualities of a journalist, but of a marketer, manager, organizer - preferably in one person - who can ensure the publication of the newspaper, the uninterrupted work of the editorial team, the sale of the issue, and the attraction of advertisers.
It is certainly possible to find such a person, but it is just as difficult as finding a talented manager for a trading or manufacturing company.
Fourthly, if you are a Big Man and you really want to influence public opinion, then again think: maybe it would be more expedient to pay well-known, well-promoted media for PR articles or, if you have a lot of money, buy an already operating and profitable publication ?
But there are successful publications, right? Certainly. Many of them have existed for a very long time, since Soviet times. And this is an established audience, accustomed to a promoted brand, and, accordingly, advertisers.
Others had the necessary margin of safety and calmly, sometimes for two or three years, worked at a loss, gradually gaining a place in the market.
And there are publications whose owners are determined in advance that their publishing business will always be unprofitable. They need a newspaper or magazine for political or representative purposes. They run a newspaper the way others run a stable or a football club.
Chapter I. General provisions
Article 1. State of emergency
1. A state of emergency means a special legal regime introduced in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and this Federal Constitutional Law throughout the Russian Federation or in its individual localities for the activities of state authorities, local governments, organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, their officials, public associations, allowing for certain restrictions established by this Federal Constitutional Law on the rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons, the rights of organizations and public associations, as well as the imposition of additional responsibilities on them.
2. The introduction of a state of emergency is a temporary measure used exclusively to ensure the safety of citizens and protect the constitutional order of the Russian Federation.
Article 2. Purposes of introducing a state of emergency
The goals of introducing a state of emergency are to eliminate the circumstances that served as the basis for its introduction, to ensure the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, and to protect the constitutional system of the Russian Federation.
Chapter II. Circumstances and procedure for introducing a state of emergency
Article 3. Circumstances of introducing a state of emergency
A state of emergency is introduced only in the presence of circumstances that pose a direct threat to the life and safety of citizens or the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the elimination of which is impossible without the use of emergency measures. Such circumstances include:
a) attempts to forcibly change the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, seizure or appropriation of power, armed rebellion, riots, terrorist acts, blocking or seizure of particularly important objects or certain areas, preparation and activities of illegal armed groups, interethnic, interfaith and regional conflicts accompanied by violent actions that create a direct threat to the life and safety of citizens, the normal activities of state authorities and local governments;
b) emergencies of a natural and man-made nature, environmental emergencies, including epidemics and epizootics resulting from accidents, hazardous natural phenomena, catastrophes, natural and other disasters, resulting (may result) in human casualties, damage to human health and the environment natural environment, significant material losses and disruption of living conditions of the population and requiring large-scale rescue and other urgent work.
Article 4. Declaration of a state of emergency
1. A state of emergency throughout the Russian Federation or in its individual localities is introduced by decree of the President of the Russian Federation with immediate notification of this to the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
2. The decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency is immediately submitted for approval to the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Article 5. Contents of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency
The decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency must define:
a) the circumstances that served as the basis for the introduction of a state of emergency;
b) justification for the need to introduce a state of emergency;
c) the boundaries of the territory in which a state of emergency is declared;
d) forces and means ensuring the state of emergency;
e) a list of emergency measures and the limits of their effect, an exhaustive list of temporary restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons, the rights of organizations and public associations;
f) state bodies (officials) responsible for implementing measures applied in a state of emergency;
g) the time of entry into force of the decree, as well as the duration of the state of emergency.
Article 6. Promulgation of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency
The decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency is subject to immediate promulgation through radio and television channels, as well as immediate official publication.
Article 7. Approval by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency
1. After the promulgation of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency, members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation are obliged to arrive at the meeting place of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as soon as possible without a special call.
2. The issue of approving the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency is considered by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as a priority.
3. The Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, within a period not exceeding 72 hours from the moment of promulgation of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency, considers the issue of approving this decree and adopts a corresponding resolution.
4. The decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency, not approved by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, loses force after 72 hours from the moment of its promulgation, about which the population of the Russian Federation or its corresponding individual localities is notified in the same manner as it was notified of the declaration of a state of emergency.
Article 8. Features of the activities of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation during the period of a state of emergency throughout the Russian Federation
When a state of emergency is introduced throughout the Russian Federation, the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation continue their work throughout the entire period of the state of emergency.
Article 9. Duration of the state of emergency
1. The duration of a state of emergency introduced throughout the Russian Federation cannot exceed 30 days, and that introduced in its individual localities - 60 days.
2. Upon expiration of the period specified in part one of this article, the state of emergency is considered terminated. If during this period the goals of introducing a state of emergency have not been achieved, its duration may be extended by decree of the President of the Russian Federation in compliance with the requirements established by this Federal Constitutional Law for introducing a state of emergency.
Article 10. Cancellation of a state of emergency by the President of the Russian Federation
When eliminating the circumstances that served as the basis for introducing a state of emergency, the period previously established in accordance with Article 9 of this Federal Constitutional Law, the President of the Russian Federation cancels the state of emergency in whole or in part, about which the population of the Russian Federation or its corresponding individual localities is notified in the same manner, in how it was notified of the declaration of a state of emergency.
Chapter III. Measures and temporary restrictions applied during a state of emergency
Article 11. Measures and temporary restrictions applied when introducing a state of emergency
The decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency for the period of the state of emergency may provide for the introduction of the following measures and temporary restrictions:
a) complete or partial suspension, in the territory where a state of emergency has been introduced, of the powers of the executive authorities of the subject (subjects) of the Russian Federation, as well as local government bodies;
b) establishment of restrictions on freedom of movement in the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, as well as the introduction of a special regime for entry into and exit from the specified territory, including the establishment of restrictions on the entry into the specified territory and stay on it of foreign citizens and stateless persons;
c) strengthening the protection of public order, objects subject to state protection, and objects ensuring the livelihoods of the population and the functioning of transport;
d) establishing restrictions on the implementation of certain types of financial and economic activities, including the movement of goods, services and financial assets;
e) establishing a special procedure for the sale, acquisition and distribution of food and basic necessities;
f) prohibition or restriction of meetings, rallies and demonstrations, processions and picketing, as well as other public events;
g) prohibition of strikes and other methods of suspending or terminating the activities of organizations;
h) restricting the movement of vehicles and inspecting them;
i) suspension of the activities of hazardous industries and organizations that use explosive, radioactive, as well as chemically and biologically hazardous substances;
j) evacuation of material and cultural assets to safe areas if there is a real threat of their destruction, theft or damage due to emergency circumstances.
Article 12. Measures and temporary restrictions applied in conditions of a state of emergency introduced in the presence of circumstances specified in paragraph “a” of Article 3 of this Federal Constitutional Law
In the event of a state of emergency being introduced in the presence of the circumstances specified in paragraph "a" of Article 3 of this Federal Constitutional Law, in addition to the measures and temporary restrictions specified in Article 11 of this Federal Constitutional Law, in the territory in which a state of emergency is introduced, by decree of the President The Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency may provide for the following measures and temporary restrictions:
a) the introduction of a curfew, that is, a ban on being on the streets and in other public places at a set time of day without specially issued passes and identification documents of citizens;
b) restriction of freedom of the press and other media by introducing preliminary censorship indicating the conditions and procedure for its implementation, as well as temporary seizure or seizure of printed materials, radio transmitting, sound-amplifying technical means, duplicating equipment, establishing a special procedure for the accreditation of journalists;\
c) suspension of the activities of political parties and other public associations that impede the elimination of the circumstances that served as the basis for the introduction of a state of emergency;
d) checking citizens’ identity documents, personal searches, searches of their belongings, homes and vehicles;
e) restriction or prohibition of the sale of weapons, ammunition, explosives, special means, toxic substances, establishment of a special regime for the circulation of medicines and preparations containing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, potent substances, ethyl alcohol, alcoholic beverages, alcohol-containing products. In exceptional cases, it is allowed to temporarily confiscate weapons and ammunition, toxic substances from citizens, and from organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership - temporary confiscation, along with weapons, ammunition and toxic substances, also of combat and training military equipment, explosives and radioactive substances;
f) expulsion, in accordance with the established procedure, of persons violating the state of emergency and not residing in the territory in which the state of emergency has been introduced, outside its borders at their expense, and if they do not have funds - at the expense of the federal budget, with subsequent reimbursement of expenses in court ;
g) extension of the period of detention of persons detained in accordance with the criminal procedural legislation of the Russian Federation on suspicion of committing acts of terrorism and other particularly serious crimes for the entire period of the state of emergency, but not more than for three months.
Article 13. Measures and temporary restrictions applied in conditions of a state of emergency introduced in the presence of circumstances specified in paragraph "b" of Article 3 of this Federal Constitutional Law
In the event of a state of emergency being introduced in the presence of the circumstances specified in paragraph "b" of Article 3 of this Federal Constitutional Law, in addition to the measures and temporary restrictions specified in Article 11 of this Federal Constitutional Law, in the territory in which a state of emergency is introduced, by decree of the President The Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency may provide for the following measures and temporary restrictions:
a) temporary resettlement of residents to safe areas with the mandatory provision of permanent or temporary residential premises to such residents;
b) introduction of quarantine, carrying out sanitary and anti-epidemic, veterinary and other measures;
c) attracting state material reserves, mobilizing the resources of organizations regardless of organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, changing their mode of operation, reorienting these organizations to produce products necessary in conditions of a state of emergency and other changes in production and economic activity necessary in conditions of a state of emergency;
d) removal from work for the period of the state of emergency of the heads of state organizations in connection with the improper performance by the said managers of their duties and the appointment of other persons to temporarily perform the duties of the said managers;
e) removal from work for the period of the state of emergency of the heads of non-governmental organizations in connection with their failure to fulfill or improper implementation of the measures provided for in paragraph "g" of Article 11 of this Federal Constitutional Law and paragraph "c" of this article, and the appointment of other persons as temporarily performing the duties of these managers;
f) in exceptional cases related to the need to carry out and ensure emergency rescue and other urgent work, mobilize the working population and attract citizens’ vehicles to carry out the specified work, subject to mandatory compliance with labor protection requirements.
Article 14. Restriction of the right to participate in elections and referendums of citizens of the Russian Federation in a state of emergency
In the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared, elections and referendums are not held during the entire period of the state of emergency. In the event of the expiration of the term of office of the relevant elected bodies of state power, local self-government bodies and officials during the period of a state of emergency, the term of office of these bodies and persons shall be extended until the termination of the period of the state of emergency, unless their powers are suspended in the manner established by this Federal Constitutional Law.
Article 15. Suspension of the validity of legal acts of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and acts of local self-government bodies
The President of the Russian Federation has the right to suspend the validity of legal acts of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, legal acts of local self-government bodies operating in the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, if these acts contradict the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency in this territory.
Chapter IV. Forces and means ensuring the state of emergency
Article 16. Forces and means to ensure a state of emergency
To ensure a state of emergency, the forces and means of the internal affairs bodies, the penitentiary system, federal security agencies, internal troops, as well as the forces and means of the bodies for civil defense, emergency situations and disaster relief are used.
Article 17. Attraction of additional forces and means to ensure the state of emergency
1. In exceptional cases, on the basis of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation, in addition to the forces and means specified in Article 16 of this Federal Constitutional Law, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies may be involved to ensure a state of emergency. Troops and border service agencies are involved in ensuring a state of emergency only for the purpose of protecting the State Border of the Russian Federation.
2. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies are involved to perform the following tasks:
a) maintaining a special regime for entry into and exit from the territory where a state of emergency has been introduced;
b) protection of objects that ensure the livelihoods of the population and the functioning of transport, and objects that pose an increased danger to the life and health of people, as well as to the environment;
c) separation of warring parties involved in conflicts accompanied by violent actions using weapons, military and special equipment;
d) participation in suppressing the activities of illegal armed groups;
e) participation in the elimination of emergency situations and saving lives as part of the forces of the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations.
3. The tasks specified in paragraphs “a” - “d” of part two of this article are performed by military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies together with employees of internal affairs bodies, the penal system, federal security agencies and military personnel internal troops. At the same time, military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies are subject to the provisions of federal legislation on internal troops in terms of the conditions, procedure and limits of the use of physical force, special means, weapons, combat and special equipment, guarantees of personal safety of military personnel and members of their families, guarantees of their legal and social protection.
Article 18. Commandant of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared
1. To implement unified control of the forces and means ensuring the state of emergency, a commandant of the territory where the state of emergency has been introduced is appointed by decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
2. The commandant of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared:
a) issues, within the limits of his powers, orders and regulations on the issues of ensuring the state of emergency, mandatory for execution in the relevant territory by all organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, and by officials of these organizations, citizens, as well as heads (commanders) of internal bodies affairs, bodies for civil defense, emergency situations and disaster relief, military formations located (deployed) in the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared, and additionally involved to ensure the state of emergency;
b) establishes the time and duration of the curfew;
c) determines the special regime for entry into and exit from the territory where a state of emergency has been introduced;
d) establishes a special regime for the sale of weapons, ammunition, medicines and preparations containing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, potent substances, ethyl alcohol, alcoholic beverages and alcohol-containing products;
e) determines the procedure and storage locations for seized weapons, ammunition, substances and military equipment specified in paragraph "d" of Article 12 of this Federal Constitutional Law;
f) expels, in accordance with the established procedure, from the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, persons violating the state of emergency;
g) addresses the President of the Russian Federation with proposals on the need to apply, in the territory where a state of emergency has been introduced, measures and temporary restrictions provided for in Articles 11-13 of this Federal Constitutional Law;
h) notifies the population of the relevant territory through the media about the procedure for implementing certain measures applied in a state of emergency;
i) establishes a special procedure for the accreditation of journalists in the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, and the procedure for their work.
3. The commandant of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared has the right to take part in all meetings of state authorities and meetings of local self-government bodies operating in the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared, and make proposals on issues covered by this Federal Constitutional Law and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation fall within its competence.
4. The commandant of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared shall manage the commandant’s office of the specified territory. The activities of the commandant's office are regulated by regulations approved by the President of the Russian Federation.
5. The formation of the commandant’s office of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced does not suspend the activities of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local government bodies operating in the specified territory.
Article 19. Coordination of the actions of forces and means ensuring the state of emergency
1. To coordinate the actions of forces and means ensuring the state of emergency, a joint operational headquarters may be created within the commandant’s office of the territory in which the state of emergency has been declared, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation from representatives of the bodies ensuring the state of emergency.
2. The joint operational headquarters is headed by the commandant of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared.
Article 20. Features of the operational subordination of troops and military formations during the introduction of a state of emergency throughout the Russian Federation
When a state of emergency is introduced throughout the Russian Federation, all troops and military formations are transferred to the operational subordination of the federal executive body determined by the President of the Russian Federation.
Article 21. Additional guarantees and compensation for persons involved in ensuring the state of emergency
1. For employees of internal affairs bodies, the penal system, federal security agencies, military personnel of internal troops, bodies for civil defense, emergency situations and disaster relief, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, as well as other persons who participated in ensuring the state of emergency are subject to additional guarantees and compensation provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
2. Registration of the persons specified in part one of this article is carried out in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Chapter V. Special administration of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared
Article 22. Bodies of special administration of the territory where a state of emergency has been introduced
In the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, special management of this territory may be introduced by creating:
a) a temporary special body governing the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced;
b) the federal governing body of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared.
Article 23. Appeal of the President of the Russian Federation upon the introduction of special management of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced
If it is necessary to introduce special management of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared, the President of the Russian Federation addresses the population of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared, and officials of state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and local government bodies operating in this territory, with a warning about the possibility introduction of special management of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared, by creating a temporary special body for the management of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared, or a federal body for the management of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared. This appeal is brought to the attention of the population of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared through the media.
Article 24. Temporary special body for managing the territory where a state of emergency has been introduced
1. A temporary special body governing the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced acts on the basis of a regulation approved by the President of the Russian Federation.
2. The powers of executive authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies operating in the territory where a state of emergency has been introduced may be transferred in full or in part to a temporary special body for managing the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced.
3. The head of the temporary special body for managing the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation. The commandant of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced becomes subordinate to the head of the temporary special body for managing the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared, and is his first deputy.
Article 25. Federal governing body of the territory where a state of emergency has been introduced
1. If in the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, the creation of a temporary special body for the management of this territory has not ensured the achievement of the goals of introducing a state of emergency, a federal body for the management of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared may be created. In this case, the temporary special governing body of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced ceases its powers.
2. The head of the federal body governing the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation. The regulations on the federal governing body of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced are approved by the President of the Russian Federation.
3. When introducing special management of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, by creating a federal body for managing the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, the exercise of powers of state authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and local government bodies operating in the specified territory is suspended, and their functions are entrusted to the federal governing body of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced.
4. The commandant’s office of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, when this form of special management of the specified territory is introduced, is included in the structure of the federal governing body of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced. The commandant of the specified territory is, by virtue of his position, the first deputy head of the federal governing body of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared.
Article 26. Legal acts of special management bodies of the territory where a state of emergency has been introduced
1. The bodies of special management of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, specified in Articles 24 and 25 of this Federal Constitutional Law, have the right to issue, within the limits of their powers, orders and regulations that are mandatory for execution in the relevant territory on issues of ensuring the state of emergency.
2. Organizations, officials and citizens located in the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared are obliged to provide full support to the special management bodies of the territory in which a state of emergency has been declared, and to carry out orders and instructions on issues of ensuring the state of emergency.
Article 27. Financing of work to eliminate the causes and consequences of the circumstances that served as the basis for introducing a state of emergency
1. The volumes of the attracted state reserve, the size and procedure for financing and logistical support of work to eliminate the circumstances that served as the basis for the introduction of a state of emergency, including the procedure for financing social payments and compensation to citizens who suffered damage as a result of the occurrence of the circumstances that served as the basis for the introduction state of emergency, measures for the temporary resettlement of residents to safe areas, in connection with the application of other measures provided for by Chapter III of this Federal Constitutional Law, as well as the procedure for paying compensation to organizations that suffered damage in connection with the application of measures provided for by Chapter III of this Federal Constitutional Law, determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. If the allocated budgetary allocations are insufficient to finance these expenses, the Government of the Russian Federation submits to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation a draft federal law providing for additional funding.
2. Financing of the expenses specified in part one of this article is carried out from the federal budget. To carry out this financing, field institutions of the Bank of Russia are involved, created in accordance with the legislation on the Bank of Russia.
3. Special management bodies of the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, for the period of the state of emergency, may be vested with the functions of managing, in the prescribed manner, budgetary allocations allocated for the restoration of life support facilities, the social sphere, and the housing stock located in the specified territory.
Chapter VI. Guarantees of citizens' rights and responsibility of citizens and officials in a state of emergency
Article 28. Limits of application of measures and temporary restrictions in a state of emergency
1. Measures applied in a state of emergency and entailing a change (limitation) of the powers of federal executive authorities, legislative (representative) and executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies local self-government, the rights of organizations and public associations, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, must be exercised within the limits required by the severity of the current situation.
2. The measures specified in part one of this article must comply with the international obligations of the Russian Federation arising from international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of human rights, and must not entail any discrimination against individuals or groups of the population solely on the basis of gender, race, nationality , language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, as well as other circumstances.
Article 29. Guarantees of property and social rights of citizens and organizations during a state of emergency
1. Persons mobilized to carry out and provide emergency rescue and other urgent work in accordance with paragraph "e" of Article 13 of this Federal Constitutional Law are guaranteed wages in accordance with the labor legislation of the Russian Federation.
2. Persons who suffered as a result of the circumstances that served as the basis for the introduction of a state of emergency, or in connection with the application of measures to eliminate such circumstances or eliminate their consequences, are provided with living quarters, compensated for the material damage caused, assisted in finding employment and provided with the necessary assistance on the terms and in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
3. Organizations whose property and resources were used in accordance with paragraph “c” of Article 13 of this Federal Constitutional Law have the right to compensation for damage caused in the manner and amount established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Article 30. Procedure and conditions for the use of physical force and special means
The procedure and conditions for the use of physical force, special means, weapons, military and special equipment established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation are not subject to change in a state of emergency.
Article 31. Procedure for detaining citizens who violated curfew rules
1. Citizens who violated the curfew rules established in accordance with paragraph "a" of Article 12 of this Federal Constitutional Law are detained by forces ensuring the state of emergency until the end of the curfew, and citizens who do not have identification documents with them - until their identity is clarified, but for no more than three days by decision of the head of the internal affairs agency or his deputy. By decision of the court, this period may be extended by no more than ten days. Detained persons, their belongings and vehicles may be subject to search.
2. The decision of the head of the internal affairs body or his deputy to detain may be appealed to a higher official or to a court.
3. In the event of the introduction of quarantine due to the threat of the spread of dangerous infectious diseases of people, animals and plants in the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, citizens subject to expulsion from its borders in accordance with paragraph "e" of Article 12 of this Federal Constitutional Law are detained for on general grounds until the expiration of the established period of observation of such citizens.
Article 32. Liability for violation of the requirements of the state of emergency
Citizens, officials and organizations for violating the requirements of the state of emergency established in accordance with this Federal Constitutional Law are liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Article 33. Legal consequences of termination of the period of state of emergency
1. Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, normative legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, adopted in order to ensure a state of emergency and related to the temporary restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as the rights of organizations, lose force simultaneously with the termination of the period of validity state of emergency without special notification.
2. Termination of the period of a state of emergency entails the termination of administrative proceedings in cases of violation of the state of emergency and the immediate release of persons subject to administrative detention or arrest on these grounds.
Article 34. Responsibility of persons involved in ensuring the state of emergency
Illegal use of physical force, special means, weapons, combat and special equipment by employees of internal affairs bodies, the penal system, federal security agencies, military personnel of internal troops and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, as well as excess by officials forces ensuring the state of emergency, official powers, including violation of the guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms established by this Federal Constitutional Law, entails liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Article 35. Administration of justice in the territory where a state of emergency has been declared
1. Justice in the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced is carried out only by the court. All courts established in accordance with Chapter 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation operate in this territory.
2. The establishment of any forms or types of emergency courts, as well as the use of any forms and types of accelerated or emergency proceedings is not allowed.
3. If it is impossible for the courts operating in the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced, by decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation or the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, in accordance with their competence, the territorial jurisdiction of cases considered in the courts may be changed.
Article 36. Activities of the prosecutor's office in the territory where a state of emergency has been declared
1. The activities of the prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation in the territory in which a state of emergency has been introduced are carried out in the manner established by federal law.
2. When a state of emergency is introduced in the territories of several constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation may create an interregional prosecutor's office of the territory in which the state of emergency was introduced.
Chapter VII. Final provisions
Article 37. Notification and informing the United Nations and the Council of Europe of the declaration of a state of emergency and the termination of its period.
1. In the event of a state of emergency being introduced in accordance with this Federal Constitutional Law, the federal executive body in charge of foreign affairs, in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation arising from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, in within a three-day period, notifies the Secretary General of the United Nations and informs the Secretary General of the Council of Europe about temporary restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens that constitute derogations from obligations under the specified international treaties, the scope of these derogations and the reasons for making such a decision.
2. The federal executive body in charge of foreign affairs informs about the termination, in accordance with this Federal Constitutional Law, of the period of the state of emergency and the full restoration of the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms respectively the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the Council of Europe.
Article 38. Notification of neighboring states about the declaration of a state of emergency
In the event of the introduction of a state of emergency in certain localities of the Russian Federation, the federal executive body in charge of foreign affairs, within 24 hours from the moment the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution approving the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency, notifies neighboring states about the circumstances that led to grounds for declaring a state of emergency.
Article 39. International humanitarian assistance
International humanitarian assistance in the territory where a state of emergency has been declared is carried out in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Article 40. Recognition of certain legislative acts as invalid in connection with the adoption of this Federal Constitutional Law
In connection with the adoption of this Federal Constitutional Law, the following shall be declared invalid:
a) Law of the RSFSR of May 17, 1991 N 1253-1 “On the State of Emergency” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, 1991, N 22, Art. 773);
b) Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated May 17, 1991 N 1254-1 “On the procedure for enacting the Law of the RSFSR “On a State of Emergency”” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, 1991, No. 22, Art. 774).
Article 41. Bringing regulatory legal acts into compliance with this Federal Constitutional Law
To propose to the President of the Russian Federation and instruct the Government of the Russian Federation to bring its regulatory legal acts into compliance with this Federal Constitutional Law.
Article 42. Recognition of certain legislative acts of the USSR as invalid and not subject to application on the territory of the Russian Federation
In connection with the adoption of this Federal Constitutional Law, the following shall be recognized as not valid and not subject to application on the territory of the Russian Federation:
a) Law of the USSR of April 3, 1990 N 1407-1 “On the legal regime of a state of emergency” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1990, N 15, Art. 250);
b) Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 3, 1990 N 1408-1 “On the implementation of the USSR Law “On the Legal Regime of a State of Emergency” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1990, N 15, Art. 251).
Article 43. Entry into force of this Federal Constitutional Law
This Federal Constitutional Law comes into force on the date of its official publication.
The president
Russian Federation
V. Putin