Remote work or just freelancing looks more than attractive. While working from home on the Internet is already a common occurrence for some, others only dream of leaving the office and moving their workplace to their home (or, alternatively, to a coworking center).
There are not many specialties that allow you to earn money at home, using a computer and the Internet (although no, in fact, there are many). But, at the same time, there is more than enough to have the opportunity to choose, to choose something to your liking. Below is, if not a comprehensive list, then at least the most popular freelance professions.
Journalism, working with text
Copywriter. It’s not enough to say that this concept is very flexible. In any case, it involves working with text, but it differs in the level of complexity, therefore in wages, and in the area of activity. So, they distinguish:
1. Rewriters
A great way to join the world of freelancing, because even schoolchildren can do this work. It consists of modifying the finished text (article), using, in the worst case: replacement with synonyms, rearrangement of words; It’s better if it’s a “retelling” of sentences and paragraphs in your own words, similar to retellings at school during a language lesson. The price of such work is not high: customers pay about 0.5-1 USD. for 1 thousand characters, which, nevertheless, with high labor productivity can bring up to $10 per day. But this can be a good start, serve as experience.
2. Copywriters
The profession involves writing articles and other “texts”. Similar to writing essays, writing papers uses multiple sources of information. However, if you have good knowledge in a particular area or just want to express your thoughts, no one will forbid you to write “from the top of your head.” Copyright implies articles of higher quality than rewriting, therefore they are valued more expensively - 1-5 USD. and higher. Earning prospects – from 300 to 2000 USD. per month.
3. Professional copywriting
In another sense of the word, copywriting is a creative work that requires knowledge and experience. Not just mechanically composing articles, but: composing headlines, slogans, writing “selling texts.” This also includes naming. This work can hardly be called primitive; not everyone can cope with it; as noted above, the specialty requires knowledge and professionalism. In this case, the price of work goes far beyond $5 per 1K, but quite often it is not measured in symbols at all.
4. SEO copywriting
There is so-called SEO copywriting. Nothing special, besides the ability to tap the keyboard, you will need superficial knowledge in the field of website optimization for search engines, understanding the meaning of words: title, headings, keywords, etc. If you tell the customer that the article is optimized for a certain keyword or simply note that it is an “SEO article,” it automatically becomes 20-50 percent more expensive.
5. Journalist
If, in order to master one of the above-mentioned freelance professions, you only need the ability to type quickly and the ability to express your thoughts in writing to some extent, then journalistic activity is a fundamentally different kind of activity. A number of sites (reputable magazines, professional media, etc.) have high demands on the quality of articles. Yes, they need content too. And, of course, they are ready to pay well for it. Thus, wages are disproportionately higher - about $20 per 1 thousand characters. Do you have specialized education or work experience? In this case, finding a good remote job on the Internet will not be difficult for you.
6. Translator
The need for translator work is simply enormous. And if you know a foreign language well enough and want to work on the Internet from home, it would be a sin not to take advantage of this opportunity. Due to the fact that only a minority can boast of language proficiency, working as a translator is highly valued.
Graphics and design
Is this a creative person for you? Do you have a love for graphics? This means that there will certainly be a job for you on the Internet. Do what you love, create, and get paid for it. One of the few cases that allows you to make money from your hobby.
7. Web designer
Specialized education is good, but not required. You can start with minimal knowledge, first of all, by mastering a graphics editor (Photoshop, of course). There are a lot of free lessons, you just need time and persistence: a month or two of practice and you can try your hand. There is work for any level of craftsman. Of course, it’s unlikely that you’ll be able to earn much in the first few years. But, with increasing professionalism, in 1-3 years you can reach an income level of $1-3 thousand dollars. You will have to “draw” website designs and other graphics for WEB.
8. Interface design
Work that can be done at home with the same success, but will require significantly more knowledge. Can you do this? You can earn good money, because this work is paid at a decent level. The trend towards the growth of “mobile” users of interfaces, the rapidly growing popularity of applications for smartphones – all this points to prospects.
9. Illustrator
Today is a golden age for the artist. If just 10 years ago it was not so easy for an artist to find a job, today there is more than enough of it and, most importantly, you don’t need to leave your own home to do this - everything is done remotely. Websites, computer games, advertising, printed materials - all of this needs beautiful illustrations, and therefore those who can do it.
10. Graphic designer
In this case, this subtitle means, first of all, a person specializing in the development of logos and corporate identity, in other words, the company’s identity, including the creation of a font, selection of a color scheme, etc.
11. Print designer
Everything related to printed products, and these are: catalogues, business cards, posters, booklets, posters, packaging, book covers, etc. In everything where a printer appears, in everything that should be prepared for printing and printed, where the word appears “layout” – here you can’t do without a printing designer. The work certainly requires good specialized knowledge.
12. 3D graphics and visualization
The further you go, the higher the need for 3D graphics. This is, first of all, modeling and visualization of objects. Creation of characters for computer games, environments, game items; visualization of interiors, landscapes - it’s not enough to say that all this is quite in demand on the market today. The development of 3D graphics is valued, perhaps, more than any other, it requires a large amount of knowledge, the work is quite labor-intensive, and therefore well paid.
Website development, programming
And there is a job for a techie on the Internet. You don't have to be a programmer for this. However, even programmers involved in developing products that have nothing to do with WEB can work remotely with the same success.
13. WEB-master
The main task is to create websites, most often on a turnkey basis, that is, performing the entire range of work: from communication, drawing up technical specifications, design development, to layout and delivery of the finished product to the client. They require extensive knowledge in many areas at once: the ability to “draw” a design, which will be quite difficult to do without; knowledge of the HTML+CSS combination (layout), knowledge of the engine, the ability to customize it to your needs. Yes, you can create websites at a professional level without knowing how to program, although knowledge of some basics will not be superfluous. The possible earnings range is quite wide – from 500 to 3000 USD. per month, depending on the level of skill and ability to effectively organize your work.
14. Layout designer
The process of creating a website from scratch can be divided into 3 clearly defined types of work: design, layout, and software. Layout has nothing to do with creativity, in the guise of the work of a designer - it is a mechanical work, although certainly interesting, at the same time, it is not as difficult to master as programming. You only need knowledge of 2 technologies: HTML - markup and CSS - styles, which can be mastered at a sufficient level to get started in less than a month.
15. Front-end developer
Something like an advanced layout designer. In addition to a thorough knowledge of the 2 technologies listed above, it requires proficiency in JavaScript, and this is programming in its purest form, even if the language is not particularly complex. The ability to work with libraries, in particular jQuery, will increase your level, and as a result, the value of your work on the market. It won't hurt to have an idea about Ajax technology.
16. Programmer
Rare websites, even those created on the basis of ready-made solutions (engines), do not require the intervention of programmers to expand the functionality to suit the customer’s needs. Programming is one of those professions that to master on your own is not an easy task, if not almost completely impossible if you intend to become a high-class professional. Programmers' salaries are perhaps the highest on the market.
17. Project manager
In essence, this is a webmaster who understands the entire range of work necessary to create websites, not superficially, but does not require deep skills in each area. Its main task is organization: the ability to find the right specialist for a specific stage of work (programmer, designer, layout designer) and organize their work in order to ultimately obtain a finished product. Clients are willing to pay more for creating a turnkey website. In addition, few customers, without the slightest understanding of the website creation process, will independently search for contractors. A project manager is a kind of remote web studio consisting of one person, which is not at all necessary for the client to know.
Internet marketing, advertising, promotion
As in the previous 3 cases (working with texts, design and “site building”), it is also here: a promotion and promotion specialist can know everything that in one way or another relates to this topic at a basic level, but you can focus on a narrower niche.
18. Optimizer or SEO
Optimizing a website for search engines in order to increase its position in natural search results and thus attract visitors or potential clients to the site. One of the most in-demand professions with good earning potential. There are several ways to join the ranks of “CEOs”:
- Self-study and personal experience, practice on your own sites. However, in this case, you are unlikely to want to work for hire instead of working on your own projects;
- Training courses. The amount of knowledge required is not large enough to study to become an optimizer at a university, and hardly any university can offer training in this specialty. But there are some courses that would be very good for a beginner in SEO to take.
- Experience working in a company specializing in promotion. Literally a couple of months of working in a team is enough to know everything you need to go out to the open sea and start working on the principles of freelancing. But in order to get a job in such a company, you must already have at least basic knowledge in the field of promotion and promotion.
19. Contextual advertising specialist
Anyone can set up a company in one of the advertising networks, pour in money and spend it successfully, thereby attracting the target audience to the site. But not many people know how to do this competently and effectively. The job of a freelancer specializing in contextual advertising is to achieve maximum results at minimal cost. The ability to correctly compose an ad, reduce the cost per click, attract the maximum number of users - you need to be able to do this.
20. Website promotion specialist
Actually, this profession implies extensive knowledge in the field of website promotion, which includes both optimization skills, skills in working with contextual advertising, and web analytics (which can be separated into a separate category), the ability to attract visitors from other sources (direct advertising, aggregators, etc.), including the search for contractors (link managers). Including an understanding of SMO and SMM. However, more on this separately...
Social media
Where would we be today without them? A complete and very powerful tool for business, which is a sin not to use for your own purposes.
21. SMM
There are not as many good social media marketing specialists as we would like, but the demand for true professionals in their field is quite high. SMM involves a whole range of activities aimed not only at attracting customers, but more at promoting a brand, creating an image, expanding the target audience and working with them, of course, using social networks.
22. SMO
A narrower specialty than the previous one, at the same time, their goals and objectives are completely different. No, the ability to create groups on VK, Facebook, a YouTube channel and a Tweeter account, as well as filling it with content, is just the tip of the iceberg. The main task of an SMO specialist is to attract visitors to the site, primarily from social media. networks and blogs. This includes: creating relevant content, distributing it, attracting links to the site.
23. Community administration
This is exactly the work that most people understand as SMO and SMM. Does not require brain work, deep knowledge and understanding of the topic. You can master a profession in literally a week, and become a good specialist in a month. Creating communities and accounts, their design, but most importantly - maintaining them, filling them with content: searching for information, posting, in some cases - working with community members, working with graphics at a minimum level will also not be superfluous, the ability to attract subscribers/participants - only plus to your karma.
Administration, etc.
24. Content manager
Something between a copywriter, designer, webmaster and layout designer. It is not always necessary to understand everything; sometimes basic mouse control skills, typing, and knowledge of the Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V key combination are enough just to fill out fields in the administrative part of a website or online store. You can increase your value in the market as a specialist (and it’s easier to find a job) by mastering several related professions. Namely: be able to search for information, “rewrite” text, write articles yourself, have minimal skills in Photoshop (at the level of cropping a photo, erasing someone else’s watermark and inserting your own), knowledge of the basics of HTML and CSS will also not be superfluous.
25. Moderator, administrator, support
Primitive in nature, remote work, which does not require virtually any additional knowledge or skills. Maintain order on the forum or website, support the discussion, answer questions from site users or potential buyers of the online store. A good option for additional income; as a main one - you won’t earn much from this.
Alexander Ivanov
Good day, friends! Today we will talk about making money again. Not about the kind that can be obtained by working in stuffy offices, but about the free kind that can be found on the Internet and to which many strive.
Thanks to many professions, you can not only free yourself from your schedule, but also earn as much as you need.
In this article we will look at the most popular freelance professions. Well, if you don’t have the skills, but have a great desire to learn them, then I will try to give information about where and what you can start with.
People who know how to work with writing and processing texts should turn their attention to positions such as:
- rewriter;
- editor;
- writer;
- corrector;
- typesetter;
- Content manager;
- SEO copywriter;
- mailing specialist;
- SEO rewriter.
Suitable for creative individuals:
- computer game designer;
- illustrator;
- interior designer;
- collage artist or retoucher;
- Graphic Designer;
- architect;
- accessories and clothing designer;
- visualizer;
- landscape designer.
On website creation and programming field operate:
- flash programmer;
- tester;
- application programmer;
- web analyst;
- website layout designer;
- site optimizer;
- mobile application developer.
If you speak languages and like to work with translations, then pay attention to the best professions on the Internet:
- translator of films, educational videos or computer games;
- technical translator;
- Website Translator;
- translator of literary texts.
- social media promotion specialist;
- account manager;
- internet marketer;
- social network community administrator;
- PR - manager;
- VKontakte group administrator;
- social media advertising specialist;
- advertising campaign setup specialist;
- YouTube channel promotion specialist.
Ideal for working with personnel and management:
- project managers;
- HR manager In other words, this is a recruiter.
In addition to the above professions, most of which require certain skills, there are also simpler professions for earning money:
- personal assistant;
- remote dispatcher;
- technical support specialist;
- author of student works;
- online consultant;
- transcriber.
You can also easily find a job on the Internet:
- accountants;
- webinar presenters, mentors or coaches;
- video editors;
- financial consultants;
- sales managers;
- lawyers, psychologists and doctors.
The most in-demand professions
Today, not all professions from the previously listed list are in demand.
One of the most popular is social network administrator.
If you lack certain skills, you can easily get them here .
In terms of time, administering one community takes no more than a couple of hours a day.
The main thing is to learn to understand the topic of the public and find interesting news, as well as create various kinds of competitions to attract new subscribers.
For example, networks such as VKontakte, Facebook and Odnoklassniki promote mainly business, so you need to search in this area.
As for Instagram, this is the complete opposite of the previous ones. The main focus is on quality photographs.
The trick is to competently present this or that product and attract the attention of potential subscribers with an interesting angle and description.
As a rule, services such as InstaPlus or Zengram .
Businessmen treat professionals quite carefully, since advertisers help them find clients with optimal financial budgets.
You can learn this craft on the website www.1day1step.ru.
Copywriter writes texts. A specialist in this field understands people's motivations and you don't have to be an outstanding writer to start doing this business.
The most important thing is to know the structure of texts and analyze customer briefs, as well as be able to sell your work.
Video editing specialist does video editing. Channel authors are ready to pay such people well.
You can also take orders for processing captured videos from various special events, such as weddings, anniversaries, graduations, and so on.
You can learn all the intricacies of this craft and even become a real advanced video blogger using this course.
Online consultant helps people and explains things they don’t understand. The work is not dusty; all you need is a headset, the Internet and the desire to communicate for 3-4 hours.
This kind of specialist creates covers for thematic communities, avatars or backgrounds for quote books. It all depends on how much time you are willing to spend on your work.
It is also suitable for designers to work in printing studios to create banners, business cards, flyers, posters or booklets.
In order to work as a web designer, it is desirable to have a specialized education, but not required. It will be enough that you have basic knowledge of graphic editors.
To do this you can visit the website potoshop-master.org.
Specialists in this field earn from 30 to 100 thousand rubles.
Interface designer makes site navigation more convenient for users. Such workers are approached mainly by companies that specialize in website development, as well as design studios and private organizations.
The work requires knowledge such as usability principles, proficiency in HTML and graphic editors at the highest level.
Knowledge of a programming language is also a plus. Earnings range from 30 to 150 thousand rubles and more.
Illustrators are needed like no other in remote work. A person who wants to work in this position must have artistic skills, a unique style and be able to find a common language with customers.
Graphic Designer specializes in creating an individual company style, as well as developing a logo and custom font, choosing a color scheme, preparing advertising brochures and designing iconography.
If you have a great desire to learn this craft, then you can do it yourself. Just find the necessary materials that are available on the Internet.
The salary of a graphic designer varies from 25 to 120 thousand rubles.
Remote work training
Studying the intricacies of each of the remote professions is not always required to start.
It is enough that you gain initial knowledge of your chosen specialty and practice it, and also find your first clients.
With the acquisition of skills and experience, you can work not with one customer, but with several.
All businessmen in the modern world understand the importance of promoting on the Internet, so they are looking for specialists who work remotely, thereby saving money and nerves.
When learning a particular profession using free lessons, you may be exposed to the following risks:
- Stumble upon outdated information.
- Listen to a lot of unnecessary information in search of important nuances.
- You can't find clients on your own.
That is why I advise you to pay attention to the resources presented above, where you can get knowledge for free.
Paid courses will provide you with a more in-depth and step-by-step training system and guarantee not only the theoretical part, but also the practical one.
Conclusion
As you can see, there are plenty of areas of activity in which you can implement your knowledge and skills and get decent money for it on the Internet.
Even beginners and people who do not know can easily and simply master a particular profession with the help of educational material (online) completely free of charge, the main thing is not to give up and go towards your goal.
Only purposeful people are lucky.
Good luck in your endeavors!
In the era of widespread Internet penetration, professions that provide the opportunity to earn money remotely are becoming increasingly popular.
On international and domestic freelance exchanges (Upwork, Freelancer, Youdo, FL.ru, etc.), many offers for remote work appear every day - both one-time projects and long-term cooperation.
We invite you to consider the most promising professions for making money as a freelancer.
1. Designer
There are several design professions that are suitable for remote work. Here are some of them.
To work as a web designer, it is advisable to have a specialized education, but this is not a mandatory requirement. You can start your career in this field with a set of basic skills, mainly, of course, knowledge of graphic editors (Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, etc.). You can master these programs yourself using a huge number of free lessons that are easy to find on the Internet.
The level of earnings in this profession averages from 30 to 100 thousand rubles. The most typical orders in the field of web design: website design and other web graphics.
This is a highly specialized specialist whose main task is to make website navigation convenient for users.
The most frequent customers in this area are firms specializing in website development, design studios and private companies.
An interface designer needs to know the principles of usability, master the HTML language, as well as graphic editors at a high level. Knowledge of programming languages is also a plus. The income of a professional in this field ranges from 30 to 150 thousand rubles. and higher.
The Internet provides artists with excellent opportunities to work remotely. In addition to artistic skills, it is important for an illustrator to have his own unique style, as well as to be able to find a common language with clients.
Literature, computer game development, animation, advertising - in all these areas, the work of an illustrator will be in demand. Artists' salaries vary greatly depending on the projects they are involved in.
A graphic designer is a person who specializes in creating a company's identity, including designing a logo and custom font, choosing a color scheme, designing iconography, preparing advertising brochures, etc.
You can learn this profession on your own with the help of training materials available online. Various online platforms are used to sell their works, such as Shutterstock, iStock, Fotolia, etc. A graphic designer’s earnings range from 25 to 120 thousand rubles.
2. Video editor
The next profession in demand on the Internet is a video editing specialist. His responsibilities may include dubbing video recordings, removing unwanted noise and bad frames, adding special effects, titles, etc.
Video editing requires a powerful computer with a high-quality video card. A person working in this field must have good skills in working with specialized programs (SonyVegas, After Effect, Adobe Premiere, 3D MAX). You can learn the basics of installation in a short time (about a month), and then gradually improve your skills. The salary of such a professional ranges from 30 to 80 thousand rubles. and higher.
3. Photographer (description of profession)
The undoubted advantage of this profession is that it is a creative activity. This specialty is in demand in a variety of areas: reportage photography, artistic photography, wedding or family photography, advertising photography, modeling, etc.
To work successfully, a photographer needs to know the theory of photography, the basics of composition, and be able to work with photographic equipment. An important skill is also the ability to communicate and win people over.
It should be noted that the level of competition in this profession is very high, and it may be difficult to find clients at first. A photographer’s income ranges from 25 to 70 thousand rubles. per month and above.
4. Working with texts
The Internet provides great opportunities for working with texts. Below we will talk about the most common professions in this field where you can work as a freelancer.
This is a modification of the finished text so that a unique material is obtained. This is a fairly affordable way to earn money that does not require special skills, but for this job it is desirable to have a good knowledge of the language and a rich vocabulary.
Such work is paid modestly: about 35-70 rubles per 1000 characters. Rewriting can be a good start to a career for those who want to work with texts.
The activity of a copywriter is to write articles, news items and other texts. Several sources are used to prepare the material. At the same time, if you have deep knowledge in a particular area, you can create original material. Professional copywriting may also include other tasks: coming up with headlines and slogans, writing “selling texts”, etc.
Copywriting is a more complex job than rewriting, and is priced more expensively, 70-350 rubles. for 1000 characters and above.
SEO copywriting
The peculiarities of the work of an SEO copywriter are that he creates materials intended specifically for distribution on the Internet, so that they meet the requirements of search engines.
A copywriter must know the rules that SEO specialists apply to texts, be able to use hypertext, and be able to design TITLE and META tags. Knowledge of HTML and CSS and proficiency in programs designed for text optimization (semonitor) are also welcome.
Due to high competition in the labor market, the cost of such work is decreasing. The average price is about 150-250 rubles. for 1000 characters.
The services of a professional translator are always in great demand, and modern technologies provide the opportunity to work without leaving home. If you are fluent in one or more foreign languages, then this can be an excellent opportunity to make money. A translator earns on average from 30 to 80 thousand rubles. per month.
5. Work in the IT field
Another popular area for freelance work is the IT sector. Below we will talk about the most popular destinations in this area.
Webmaster
The main functionality of such a specialist is the development of turnkey websites, which implies a whole range of tasks: communication with the client, drawing up technical specifications, design development, layout, etc.
Such work requires the presence of multidisciplinary skills in several areas: the ability to create a design, knowledge of HTML + CSS (necessary for layout), knowledge of the principles of the engine, and more. A webmaster earns from 30 to 100 thousand rubles. per month and above.
Layout is the process of designing web pages. Such a specialist makes sure that pages are displayed correctly in most popular browsers, and that all elements of the site work without errors. In order to become a layout designer, you need to learn two main technologies: HTML markup and CSS styles, which you can learn in a short time (three to four weeks). A professional in this field earns from 30 to 100 thousand rubles. per month.
This is a specialist responsible for developing the user interface of the site. Its main task is to make a website or mobile application as convenient as possible for users.
In addition to knowledge of HTML and CSS, this specialty requires proficiency in JavaScript, as well as skills in working with libraries (jQuery, etc.). The salary of a front-end developer ranges from 60 to 200 thousand rubles. per month.
The tasks of a web programmer include the development and creation of programs for managing websites and Internet services.
This requires a good specialized education, including programming languages: HTML, JAVA, JAVAScript, PHP, CGI, Perl, as well as proficiency in Dreamviewer, Flash and Coldfusion editors.
The work of a web programmer can be compared to the work of an architect, only in relation to the creation of websites.
Main customers: web studios, individual entrepreneurs, webmasters.
This is a promising and very popular profession on the Internet. The salary of this specialist can average from 50 to 150 thousand rubles.
- Programmer
- SEO specialist
- Copywriter
- Translator
- Photographer
Freelancing is becoming an increasingly popular way to earn money and realize your creative potential. Representatives of many professions can find a job they like on a remote basis. In this article we will tell you how to make money freelancing and what professions are in demand in 2019!
Programmer
How to make money online programmer? In freelancing, representatives of this profession can easily find work related to the creation of content management systems, the development or modification of individual website modules, and the development of mobile applications. It is typical that programmers can find orders for their work without going through specialized websites for freelancers. Thus, the 1C company has its own internal resources for specialists in various fields, including those who work with the Bitrix system. The overwhelming majority are certified personnel who have official business registration. And mobile application developers can sell their developments in special stores.
SEO specialist
Website creation is inseparable from their promotion in search engine rankings. Modern search engine optimization is characterized by an integrated approach. Now the most popular is a range of services for SEO, contextual advertising and website promotion using SMM methods. Customers are most often found on FL.ru, weblancer.net, freelansim.ru and the like. The systematic ousting of optimizers from the market, which was carried out by search companies, seriously affected the earnings of those who remained. For this reason, these services should be combined with some others.
Copywriter
You can make good money as a freelancer by writing articles if you are highly literate and can express your thoughts in an interesting and understandable way. Despite the great competition and a number of additional difficulties, this niche remains perhaps the most popular in the world of freelancing. Orders can be found on exchanges that make it possible to leave your contact information and closed ones in this regard. Almost all specialized resources conduct their own testing of copywriters, and its result is the assignment of a certain level of qualification. Each copywriter has his own development strategy and prefers certain sites for earning money with this work. Most often, competition and low prices are not even noticed by real professionals who, without any problems, can earn the same amount as they would be paid in the editorial office of a provincial newspaper.
Translator
The nature of the work is not much different from copywriting. Most often, orders are found on the same sites, and many translators also offer their services for writing ordinary Russian-language texts. Prices for copywriting and translations are also in the same range.
Photographer
You shouldn’t think that to make money from photography you don’t need anything other than a camera. Mostly professional photos, which are created taking into account a number of rules, are popular on the Internet. To work, you will need not only a good camera, most likely a SLR, but also high skills. Monetization of your talent as a photographer is associated with registration on specialized sites - photo stocks. These are mainly Western international resources. Immediately after registration, many of them examine the newcomer. It will be possible to get the opportunity to post your work only after the test photos receive the approval of the moderators.
So, freelancing is most often associated with the use of the Internet. It provides unique opportunities: a photographer from the Russian outback will be able to sell his creations to a buyer from Europe or the USA, and copywriters are ready to provide services to everyone. customers of their language space.