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First, we will try to clarify some concepts based on existing domestic traditions.
In the dictionaries of the Russian language (V. Dahl and S.I. Ozhegov), the word (term) “entrepreneur” has several semantic meanings. Firstly, An entrepreneur is a capitalist who owns a business. Secondly, an entrepreneur is an enterprising person, a businessman(business person). Otherwise, in the Anglo-Saxon manner, a businessman. Third, entrepreneur- This a person who starts doing something, a person carrying out any activity.
It is well known that the main goal of a capitalist, the owner of an enterprise, is profit.
A businessman, a business person who has a business (business), his main goal is the same - profit. From the first two definitions of an entrepreneur, it is not difficult to derive a definition of entrepreneurial activity. In a narrow sense entrepreneurial activity - This is an independent activity carried out at one’s own risk, aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property, sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law. This definition, in a slightly modified form, is found both in legal acts and in specialized and educational literature. Moreover, in the stated aspect, the terms “entrepreneurship” and “business” are identical.
Entrepreneurial activity in the broadest sense of the word, this is any human activity carried out in accordance with the procedure established by law. From this point of view, for example, expeditions to the North and (or) South Poles of the Earth, undertaken by F. Nansen, R. Amundsen, G. Sedov and other researchers, are entrepreneurship in the broad sense of the word.
The foregoing allows us to consider entrepreneurial activity in various aspects. In the first case (in the narrow sense of the word), entrepreneurial activity can be viewed through methods, methods, types and forms that increase the profits of business entities. In the second (in the broad sense of the word), entrepreneurial activity can be analyzed through types, forms and procedures of activity.
Tourism activity is a business activity. V. Zorin was one of the first to substantiate this position, studying tourism as a branch of the economy. Recognition of tourism activity as a business activity means, on the one hand, that the basic patterns of business activity (stages, conditions, types and organizational and legal forms, procedures and models of business activity) must be organically inherent in tourism activity. On the other hand, the features of tourism activities complement and develop entrepreneurial activities with specific types, forms and procedures.
Tourism activity, as a business activity, is carried out in a certain environment, i.e. in certain social conditions, which together either provide favorable opportunities for the development of civilized, successful tourism, or inhibit its development.
External environment Tourism activity, as a business activity, includes the following factors:
- a political situation characterized by the stability of the development of society and its political institutions;
- economic situation in the country and region;
- a legal environment that clearly establishes the rights, obligations and responsibilities of tourism entities and other entities of the tourism market;
- state regulation and support of tourism activities;
- socio-economic situation related to the level of effective demand of the population;
- cultural environment, determined by the level of education of the population, ensuring the need and possibility of carrying out certain types of tourism activities;
- availability of sufficient tourist resources necessary for the development of certain types of tourism activities;
- institutional and organizational environment, indicating the presence of a sufficient number of organizations, enterprises (firms) that provide the opportunity to carry out business connections, commercial transactions, etc.;
- scientific, technical, technological environment.
Internal environment tourism activity is a certain set of internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization of a tourism complex. It depends on the entrepreneur himself, his competence, willpower, determination, level of aspirations, skills in organizing and running a tourism business. As a rule, the internal environment includes:
- availability of the required amount of equity capital;
- correct choice of organizational and legal form;
- choice of subject of activity;
- selection of a team of partners;
- knowledge of the market and qualified research of its conditions;
- recruitment and personnel management;
- mechanism for maintaining business secrets, etc.
However, the presence of even favorable entrepreneurial
environment does not automatically mean the success of tourism activity as a business activity. In order for tourism activities to be carried out successfully, it is necessary to build an appropriate business sector and its co-organization with other business areas.
The entrepreneurial sphere of tourism activity is a sphere (space) in the center of which is the entrepreneur carrying out tourism activities, and which gives him (the entrepreneur) the opportunity to move freely
(move) in any direction. In other words, this area provides an opportunity for an entrepreneur engaged in tourism activities to realize economic freedom.
To build such entrepreneurial activity means to organize and co-organize eight sociocultural processes:
- production process tourism products, goods and services of the tourism complex;
- process their reproduction;
- functioning process tourist complex and its organic components: enterprises (firms), types of activities;
- development process tourist complex, transforming it into a new quality;
- burial process obsolete elements of the tourism complex, obsolete types of activities, equipment and technology, tourism products, goods and services, old methods of conducting tourism business;
- process organizations, those. streamlining (bringing into compliance) the types of activities carried out in the tourist complex, as well as the constituent elements of the tourist complex; highlighting on this basis the tourist complex as an important national economic complex;
- leadership process, ensuring the development of legal acts, methods, methods and procedures that primarily determine the social orientation of both tourism activities and enterprises (firms) of the tourism complex as a whole;
- management process, those. development and implementation of managerial influences, ensuring, on the one hand, participation in the management of all subjects of the tourism market, and on the other hand, relieving budgetary burdens and developing self-government principles in tourism and the tourist complex.
Based on ideas about certain objects or subjects of research, going back to Plato and Aristotle, tourism as a business sector takes the following form (Fig. 5.1).
While all sociocultural processes are of unconditional importance, the key is the development process and the associated institutional structures, or forms. This is explained by the following circumstances.
Rice. 5.1.
Firstly, development is a natural-artificial process of transferring an object to a new quality, in contrast to development as a natural-historical process. The latter represents the process of an object moving towards destruction, death.
Secondly, only a professional specialist, a person who possesses not only the first two levels of thinking (mental action, mental communication), but above all, is capable of generating fundamentally new ideas, can develop a project and transfer an object into a new qualitative state. Otherwise, in tourism everything will continue according to the principle most clearly voiced by V. Chernomyrdin: “We wanted the best, but it turned out as always...”.
Such specialists should be prepared by the system of education, training and retraining of personnel. A central place in this work belongs to tourism-related universities. Their graduates will have to build tourism as a business sector, organize and co-organize the listed socio-cultural processes and thus “launch” tourism as a business sector. It is precisely these specialists that RMAT tries to train.
The preparation of a highly qualified specialist-professional by a tourism university can itself be considered as an entrepreneurial activity not only in the broad, but also in the narrow sense of the word. In market conditions, specialists trained by tourism universities are a kind of commodity. If such specialists are in demand, i.e. By selling them in a way, the university a priori has the right to a certain profit, which it can include in the price of education. Hence, the higher the demand for graduates, the higher, other things being equal, should be the profit of the university, and therefore the price of education. Thus, in market conditions, education, on the one hand, continues as a process of training the necessary personnel, and on the other, it is a serious business.
- Zorin I.V. Tourism management. Tourism as a type of activity: textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001. - P. 11.
(Entrepreneurship in tourism)
(Management in s/k service and tourism)
Introduction 3
I. Theoretical aspects of the issue under study 5
1.1. The essence, functions and role of entrepreneurship 5
1.2. Organizational forms of entrepreneurship 7
1.3. Types of business activities 13
II. Entrepreneurship in tourism
2.1. Basic concepts in tourism 16
2.2. Tourism industry enterprises 17
2.2.1. Tourism enterprises for the development, promotion and
Sales of tourism product 19
2.2.2.Enterprises providing accommodation services 25
2.2.3.Food establishments in tourism 29
2.2.4. Transport companies 30
2.2.5. Excursion services 32
2.2.6. Travel insurance 33
Conclusion 35
References 38
Introduction
Tourism is a type of human activity whose history begins long before the emergence of a civilized society. In every historical era there are elements of human activity that, one way or another, fall under the category of tourism.
Tourism plays a big role in modern society. The importance of tourism in the lives of people, regions, states and in international life today cannot be overestimated.
In my opinion, this topic is relevant today. Currently, tourism is a powerful industry that includes various forms of dynamically developing entrepreneurship. Tourism business is one of the most developed types of entrepreneurship, which has its own characteristic features. Entrepreneurial activity and the tourism industry are developing at a high pace, therefore, knowledge of the characteristics of this activity helps to predict its further development, which emphasizes the relevance of this work.
The purpose of this course work is to identify the characteristics of entrepreneurial activity in tourism and the service sector.
To achieve the goal, we will define the following tasks:
Consider in detail the essence, functions and role of entrepreneurship;
Describe organizational forms of entrepreneurship;
Identify the main types of business activities;
Determine the main types of enterprises in the tourism industry;
Give a description of these enterprises according to such indicators as type of activity, services provided, etc.;
The main methods of creating coursework are working with scientific and educational literature.
I. Theoretical aspects of the issue under study
In economic literature, the concept of “entrepreneur” first appeared in the General Dictionary of Commerce published in Paris in 1723. As a scientific term, the concept of “entrepreneur” appeared in the works of the famous English economist of the early 18th century, Richard Cantillon. The Frenchman K. Baudot went further than R. Cantillon. He notes that an entrepreneur must have a certain intelligence, that is, various information and knowledge. Another French economist, Turgot, believed that an entrepreneur must have not only certain information, but also capital. He noted that capital serves as the basis of the entire economy, profit is the goal of an entrepreneur’s success, the basis for the development of production.
A. Marshall and his followers paid great attention to the organizational function of the entrepreneur and believed that not everyone who wants to can be an entrepreneur, highlighting entrepreneurial abilities.
The scientific study of entrepreneurship was first carried out by the Austrian economist J. Schumpeter (1883-1950) in his work “The Theory of Economic Development” (1912).
1.1.The essence, functions and role of entrepreneurship.
Today there is no generally accepted definition of entrepreneurship in the world. American scientist, Professor Robert Hisrich defines “entrepreneurship as the process of creating something new that has value, and an entrepreneur as a person who spends all the necessary time and effort on this, takes on all the financial, psychological and social risk, receiving reward money and satisfaction with what has been achieved. English professor Alan Hosking states: “An individual entrepreneur is a person who runs a business at his own expense, is personally involved in managing the business and is personally responsible for providing the necessary funds, and makes decisions independently. His reward is the profit received as a result of entrepreneurial activity and the feeling of satisfaction that he experiences from engaging in free enterprise. But at the same time, he must assume the entire risk of loss in the event of bankruptcy of his enterprise.
The Law of the Russian Federation “On Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Activities” notes that “entrepreneurial activity (entrepreneurship) is the proactive independent activity of citizens and their associations aimed at making a profit.”
Entrepreneurship is a special type of economic activity (by which we mean expedient activity aimed at making a profit), which is based on independent initiative, responsibility and an innovative entrepreneurial idea.
Entrepreneurship is characterized by the obligatory presence of an innovative moment - be it the production of a new product, a change in activity profile, or the founding of a new enterprise. A new production and quality management system, the introduction of new methods of organizing production or new technologies are also innovative moments.
The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. However, the entrepreneur is not the only subject; in any case, he is forced to interact with the consumer as his main counterparty, as well as with the state, which in various situations can act as an assistant or adversary. Both the consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as an employee (if, of course, the entrepreneur does not work alone), and business partners (if production is not isolated from public relations)
Among the most important goals of an entrepreneur are the production of goods and services, income, prestige, and business development. As shown in Figure 1, all of these goals are interconnected.
Rice. 1. Entrepreneurship goals
The goal of entrepreneurial activity is the production and supply to the market of a product for which there is demand and which brings profit to the entrepreneur. Profit is a surplus of income over expenses, obtained as a result of the implementation of an entrepreneurial decision to produce and supply to the market a product for which the entrepreneur has identified an unmet or hidden consumer demand.
1. 2. Organizational forms of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship as a special form of economic activity can be carried out both in the public and private sectors of the economy. In accordance with this, they distinguish:
State entrepreneurship;
Private enterprise.
State entrepreneurship is a form of carrying out economic activity on behalf of an enterprise established:
State governing bodies that are authorized (in accordance with current legislation) to manage state property (state enterprise),
Local government bodies (municipal enterprise).
The property of such enterprises is a form of segregation of part of state or municipal property, part of budgetary funds, and other sources. An important characteristic of such enterprises is the fact that they are liable for their obligations only with property in their ownership (neither the state is liable for their obligations, nor are they themselves liable for the obligations of the state).
Private enterprise is a form of carrying out economic activity on behalf of an enterprise (if it is registered as such) or an entrepreneur (if such activity is carried out without hiring labor, in the form of individual labor activity).
Of course, each of these types - public and private entrepreneurship - has its own distinctive features, but the basic principles of their implementation largely coincide. In both cases, the implementation of such activities requires initiative, responsibility, an innovative approach, and the desire to maximize profits. The typology of both types of entrepreneurship is also similar.
Entrepreneurship exists in various forms. Their classification is based on two characteristics: the form of ownership and the size of the company. Any entrepreneurial activity is carried out within the framework of a certain organizational form of the enterprise. The choice of form depends partly on the distinct interests and profession of the entrepreneur, but is mainly determined by objective conditions:
To achieve the goal, we will define the following tasks:
Consider in detail the essence, functions and role of entrepreneurship;
Describe organizational forms of entrepreneurship;
Identify the main types of business activities;
Determine the main types of enterprises in the tourism industry;
Give a description of these enterprises according to such indicators as type of activity, services provided, etc.;
I. Theoretical aspects of the issue under study 5
1.1. The essence, functions and role of entrepreneurship 5
1.2. Organizational forms of entrepreneurship 7
1.3. Types of business activities 13
II. Entrepreneurship in tourism
2.1. Basic concepts in tourism 16
2.2. Tourism industry enterprises 17
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Content
Introduction…...……………………………………………… ……………………...3
Chapter I. The essence of entrepreneurial activity in tourism
§1.1 The concept of entrepreneurship and the history of its development……………..……5
§1.2 Types of business activities in tourism………..…………11
Chapter II.
§2.1 Tourist activity as a subject of legal regulation..……..16
§2.2 Development of entrepreneurial activity in the field of tourism using the example of the Saratov region………………………………….……………….19
Conclusion..……………………………………………… …………………….23
Bibliography…………………………………………………..25
Introduction
Topics of this course work: “Types of entrepreneurial activities in tourism. Travel agents. Counterparties. Tour operators." It is relevant because entrepreneurship is an integral element of the modern market economic system, without which the economy and society as a whole cannot exist and develop normally.
Independent entrepreneurs represent the most numerous layer of private owners and, due to their large numbers, play a significant role not only in the socio-economic, but also in the political life of the country.
Small business ensures the strengthening of market relations based on democracy and private property. In terms of their economic status and living conditions, private entrepreneurs are close to the majority of the population and form the basis of the middle class, which is the guarantor of the social and political stability of society.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation stipulates that every citizen has the right to freely use his abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law.
All government bodies are obliged to ensure and protect the rights of entrepreneurs and the freedom of small businesses in their activities, and their opposition should be considered a violation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The state recognizes and protects equally private, state, municipal and other forms of property.
When analyzing the development of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation, regulations play a great role. There is a Law of the Russian Federation “On State Support of Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation”, which lays the foundations for the legal regulation of private entrepreneurship in Russia. The most important, from a legal point of view, for the effective implementation of state policy in the field of supporting entrepreneurship is the Federal Law “On State Support and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Russia.” Adopted in 1995, it still plays an exceptional role in the legal regulation of relations between the state and business, although it has its shortcomings.
Statistical data indicate that small business has become a noticeable phenomenon in the Russian economy.
The main goal of the course work is a step-by-step consideration of all types of business activities in tourism.
Based on the set goal, the following tasks were formed:
- identify the essence of entrepreneurial activity in tourism;
- consider the concept of entrepreneurship and the history of its development;
- identify types of business activities in tourism;
- analyze tourism activities as a subject of legal regulation;
- show the development of entrepreneurial activity in the tourism sector using the example of the Saratov region.
The object of the study is travel agents, contractors, tour operators and bills adopted for the development of small businesses in the Russian Federation.
The course work consists of two chapters. The first chapter describes the essence of entrepreneurial activity. In the second chapter of this course work, I examined in more detail the features of entrepreneurial activity in tourism.
While writing my coursework, I relied on original books, Internet resources, newspaper articles and television broadcasts.
Chapter I. The essence of entrepreneurial activity in tourism
- §1.1 The concept of entrepreneurship and the history of its development
Entrepreneurship is the initiative activity of business entities associated with the innovative use of property, money and other resources in order to achieve commercial and other success based on a combination of personal gain and public benefit. In the field of tourism activities, entrepreneurship is largely associated with the provision of services 1.
Business entities (entrepreneurs) can be either individual individuals acting on their own behalf and under their own property responsibility, or associations of partners acting under the responsibility of a legal entity. There are two known models of entrepreneurship: classical entrepreneurship and innovative entrepreneurship.
Classical entrepreneurship is a traditional, conservative entrepreneurship aimed at maximizing the return of resources using traditional management techniques to increase the profitability of the organization and update the range of services.
Innovative entrepreneurship is associated, first of all, with innovation in business activities. The role of the entrepreneur comes down to creating innovations that were not previously known, through the use of traditional economic factors, but through a new combination of them. Such innovative activities, as a rule, bring more tangible results than traditional entrepreneurship, but make special demands on the entrepreneur. To successfully organize a profitable business in modern conditions, an entrepreneur must have good professional training, the necessary knowledge in the field of economics, politics, psychology, law, organization of production of products and services, and also be able to cooperate with scientists, marketing specialists, and capital owners. The success of an entrepreneur depends on the conditions in which he operates. Here are some of them.
The entrepreneurial environment is the social conditions (situation) in which entrepreneurship is carried out and which influence the results of entrepreneurship. The following groups of conditions are distinguished:
Economic conditions are the actual supply of tourist goods (services) and effective demand for them; income of actual and potential buyers of goods (services); availability, amount and accessibility of borrowed funds for entrepreneurs; availability of alternative services and prices for them; development of tourism market infrastructure; conditions of competition.
Social conditions are society’s idea of the ways of developing entrepreneurship and its attitude towards it (rejection, tolerance, approval); the attitude of the state (administration apparatus) to entrepreneurship; national traditions and customs; educational level of specialists with whom the entrepreneur enters into business relations.
Legal conditions - laws and regulations that regulate business activities and create the most favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship. The most important are laws on legal guarantees of business activity, including the right to property and compliance with contractual obligations.
We are faced with the task of considering the history of the development of entrepreneurship. And we decided to analyze it from the moment when entrepreneurial activity was officially adopted, because in our opinion, it is precisely this period of time 1992-1999. influenced the development and quality of entrepreneurship of our time.
The year 1992, the first year of officially proclaimed market reforms, went down in the country's history as a period of grandiose, but never fulfilled, hopes. The “shock therapy” course of the “young reformers” who headed the Government of the Russian Federation opened the floodgates for private enterprise, awakening the hopes of a significant part of the Russian population for Russia to quickly achieve Western standards of living standards and other attributes of a consumer society and free enterprise. Promising a way out of the crisis by the fall of 1992, the government withdrew from any active economic policy, citing the fact that without the state and, accordingly, without the government, the market element (self-regulation) itself would put everything in its place.
It was proclaimed that emerging market forces should not be interfered with, and that the entrepreneurial efforts of the broad masses of the population would solve all problems. Large-scale privatization was put at the forefront, which, it was argued, would create broad layers of owners who could work and at the same time defend their interests, i.e. to form a Russian middle class.
At the same time, hopes for the best, combined with the lifting of administrative and criminal bans on basic types of entrepreneurial activity, contributed to the rapid growth in the number of small businesses throughout the country: 1992 was the year of the highest growth since the mid-80s. to this day, the growth rate of the number of small enterprises (2.1 times) and the number of people employed in them.
In a certain sense, this fact is phenomenal, since the liberalization of prices and the introduction of tax pressure carried out at that time significantly undermined the financial base of the majority of small enterprises. Rapid inflation led, on the one hand, to the depreciation of household savings, and on the other, to a sharp increase in bank loan interest rates. This caused a real paralysis of investment activity, which continues to the present day.
Statistics show that the absolute leader in the increase in the number of small enterprises at that time was the sphere of science and scientific services - here the number of small enterprises increased by 3.4 times. The number of small enterprises in the agricultural sector increased 3.1 times. This is followed by logistics and general commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market (2.9 times). The growth in the number of small enterprises in the field of public education (2.8 times) is also close to these data.
It can be stated that in the context of the announcement of the beginning of market reforms, the Russian small enterprise demonstrated its positive capabilities. Its most important functions were social dampening, ensuring the survival of significant sections of the population in conditions of an acute crisis through “self-employment,” and providing the opportunity to obtain additional (in addition to the main, often only formal employment) means of subsistence. Basically, it was not about production, but about trade and intermediation, which accounted for more than 50% of small enterprises.
The overwhelming majority of products of Russian enterprises have become completely uncompetitive with respect to imports. Large and medium-sized enterprises stopped one after another.
In 1992, there was a significant reduction in the share of small enterprises in industry and construction. But the relative reduction in the manufacturing sector in the Russian small enterprise cannot be assessed only as a negative phenomenon. The fact is that the activities of semi-criminal small enterprises, which were previously created under Soviet state enterprises only in order to receive raw materials and materials at low state prices, and sell products at free high prices, have ceased. Price liberalization has made the existence of such small “production” enterprises meaningless.
In 1993 The process of rapid “founding” continued, expressed in an increase in the number of small enterprises by approximately 2/3. Moreover, in absolute terms, the growth of small enterprises exceeded the data for the previous year. In the industry structure, the share of trade and intermediary activities increased slightly and the share of the production sector decreased just as slightly.
In 1994 The growth rate of the number of small enterprises and those employed in them slowed sharply: the growth was slightly more than 1%, and the average number of employees in small enterprises decreased. After rapid growth, the sudden stop in the development of MP produced the effect of absolute surprise.
In 1995 For the first time, the number of Russian small enterprises began to decline (by 8.8%) and the average number of employees employed by them (by 4.5%).
Small businesses, in the struggle for survival, learned to independently adapt to the complexities of the market. Thus, to increase their viability, they began to actively diversify their economic and investment activities. In addition to their main activities in 1995, more than half of non-trading enterprises were also engaged in trade.
Appeared back in 1995. trend of reduction in the total number of small enterprises in 1996. intensified. However, this was largely due to new approaches to accounting for small enterprises adopted in 1995. The Law “On State Support of Small Business in the Russian Federation”, as well as with the re-registration of existing small enterprises.
In 1997 in almost all industries there was an increase in the number of small enterprises; in the Russian Federation as a whole it amounted to 4.2%, reaching the greatest value in healthcare, culture and social security - 43%; in agriculture - 10.2, in transport - 8.6%.
There were fewer small enterprises in the field of science and scientific services - by 4.6%, logistics and sales - by 0.8%.
The number of individual entrepreneurs, according to the Federal Tax Service of Russia, as of July 1, 1997, amounted to 3.5 million people. Taking into account those working under contracts and part-time, as well as individual entrepreneurs of legal entities, more than 12 million people were employed in small businesses
The existing industry structure of small enterprises has remained virtually unchanged over the years. The non-production sector remains more attractive for small businesses than the real sector. Thus, in 1997, the majority of small enterprises worked in the field of trade and public catering - 43.2%; in construction and industry - 16.5 and 15% of small enterprises, respectively. This is quite understandable, firstly, by the very specifics of small business as a sector of the economy, and secondly, by the global trend of dominance (especially in small businesses) of the intangible sphere over the production one.
There have been no significant structural changes in the small business sector over the years. Thus, the share of industrial enterprises in the total number of Russian small enterprises increased slightly - from 14.2 at the beginning of 1995 to 15.7% at the beginning of 1999. The share of construction enterprises also increased - from 13.8 to 15.8%. The share of enterprises engaged in trade and public catering decreased slightly: as of 01/01/95, their share accounted for 46.8% of the total number of small enterprises, as of 01/01/98 - 44.5% 1 .
We will consider the history of the development of entrepreneurship in our time in the following paragraphs.
- §1.2 Types of business activities in tourism
1) productive (production) - direct creation of services and other products;
2) commercial - intermediary activities to promote created products from the manufacturer to the consumer;
3) financial - a special type of activity for the formation and use of funds for the purpose of reproduction of services and products;
4) advisory - activities related to the provision of advice (consultations) and assistance on issues of general management, assessing the capabilities of producers, financial management, marketing, etc.
Due to the peculiarities of tourism services, the entrepreneurial activities of tourism organizations can only be conditionally classified as a certain type.
Thus, the activities of tour operators in most cases create organizational preparation of the tourism product and its partial production and promotion to the consumer. Therefore, the activities of tour operators can be conditionally classified as productive entrepreneurship.
Travel agents act as intermediaries - sellers of tours. In addition, they provide certain types of services, such as insurance, consular services, etc. This is a mixed type of activity.
Counterparties are providers of tourism services (hotels, restaurants, carriers, excursion bureaus, etc.) who provide services to consumers of tourism products, i.e., actively participate in the production of services and on this basis can be classified as productive entrepreneurs. Tourist organizations can combine organizational preparation, sales (including retail) and provision of services. In this case, the company simultaneously carries out several types of business activities.
Consulting business activities are widely used in the tourism sector. The more complex the composition and the higher the quality of tourism services, the greater the number of specialist consultants involved in the process of creating and implementing tourism services. Thus, a club vacation (timeshare) uses the following participants: promoters (project developers), sales specialists, resort managers, club vacation place exchange specialists, etc. An entrepreneurial idea is a new form of economic activity identified by an entrepreneur, which combines potential or real market needs for certain services (or goods) with the entrepreneur’s ability to produce these services (goods) and receive additional income from innovation (innovation).
The activity of an entrepreneur involves the creation of a bank of ideas that could form a main or additional profile for the production of services or intermediation. The accumulation of ideas can be both current and prospective. For each idea, the entrepreneur makes a decision - to proceed or not to begin its practical implementation. The decision-making process of each entrepreneur is carried out using his own individual technology, which ensures the choice of one option from the available alternatives, but the general stages and sequence of their implementation are as follows:
1) the first expert assessment of the idea by the entrepreneur himself of the reality of practical implementation;
2) collecting information about the market situation to evaluate the idea from a practical point of view;
3) carrying out business calculations in order to identify: objects of supply and demand in the tourism market for services (products) intended for production; possible selling price of similar services; production costs; the amount of profit and efficiency of service production, etc.;
4) the second expert assessment is carried out by attracted specialists and aims to establish the compatibility of the idea with the capabilities of the entrepreneur;
5) the entrepreneur’s decision to continue working on the idea or to discard it and move on to thinking about another entrepreneurial idea.
The implementation of the adopted idea also has several stages:
1) business planning, the essence of which is a detailed presentation with accurate calculations for the implementation of the project. The business plan also indicates the organizational form of entrepreneurship and the sources of funds necessary for the initial stage of implementing the idea;
2) attracting borrowed funds and partners (participants);
3) state registration of one’s own firm (enterprise), if it is created for the first time;
4) organizational and technical preparation of the company for the production of goods (services);
5) management of a functioning company and partnerships.
The implementation of an entrepreneurial idea is considered successful if the result planned at the beginning of the implementation of the entrepreneurial idea is achieved (or almost achieved). The civilized understanding of entrepreneurial success is associated primarily with the idea of self-affirmation or the desire to change the course of events. Commercial success (additional income, profit) accompanies entrepreneurial success, but in entrepreneurial activity itself it does not act as an end in itself.
This concept of entrepreneurial success relies on entrepreneurial culture as a system of shared and real beliefs and values that provide high prestige and contribute to increased efficiency in the production of goods (services) and income. As the socio-economic life of society stabilizes, interest in the culture of entrepreneurship as a system of norms of moral behavior of business people, their responsibilities towards each other and society as a whole will increase.
Most tour operators offer their services to the market through travel agencies (i.e., they use the indirect method), since the involvement of intermediaries brings them certain benefits, including not diverting funds from the main business.
Intermediaries are more effective in ensuring wide availability of travel services and bringing them to consumers than tour operators. But often large tour operators organize their own sales network from the travel agencies they own.
This strategy involves the development of new markets and is called direct marketing. This imposes a number of additional functions on the tour operator (identifying potential consumers, developing sales activities, creating additional information systems, etc.), and also leads to additional costs. The choice of a direct or indirect sales method is decided according to the economic criterion of “what is cheaper”: to have your own network of agents or to use the services of intermediaries - travel agencies - on a commission basis? The economic criterion, focused on commercial success “in the present,” is not the only and universal one. The commercial stability of the tour operator company “in the future” is another criterion for choosing a method of marketing a tourism product. This criterion focuses on acquiring a regular clientele, which ensures stability. Hence the tendency of tour operators to expand their own network of travel agencies or combine their own functions with those of intermediaries. New technologies and equipment make this combination possible. For example, the use of call processing centers that act as modern switchboards allows you to process the largest number of telephone conversations during the “high season” and reduce the costs of this work.
Completing the first chapter, we found out that for the successful development of entrepreneurship, a lot of fresh ideas, market analysis and, of course, one cannot do without statistical data from past years in order to track changes in its development.
Chapter II. Features of entrepreneurial activity in tourism
- §2.1 Tourism activities as a subject of legal regulation
Tourism activities and the provision of tourism services are entrepreneurial activities that are regulated by civil law. According to Article 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, entrepreneurial activity is an independent activity carried out at one’s own risk, aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property, sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law.
To include tourist services in the purchase and sale relationship, the Law on the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities introduced: the concept of “tour” as a complex of services for accommodation, transportation, meals for tourists, excursion services, services of guides-translators and other services provided depending on the purpose of the trip , as well as the concept of “tourist product” as the right to a tour intended for sale to tourists.
Criticism of the legislative concept of the tourism product as the right to tour should be supported. But, as M.B. writes. Birzhakov in the book “...in the origins of Roman law there is a dogma - the law is bad, but it is the law. The law should be respected and observed, and therefore formally - a tourist product - the right to a tour, but in its physical essence a complex of services, works and goods; and certification, i.e. It is not rights, but specific services, works and goods that are subject to quality conformity assessment.”
The explanation of the concept of a tourist product specified in the Law as the right to a tour intended for sale to a tourist may be as follows.
The right to a tour acquired by a tourist is his subjective right to use the services included in the tour. And this is the tourist’s property right to provide tourist services, i.e. something that can be bought and sold.
According to paragraph 4 of Art. 454 PS, the provisions provided for in the sales contract “apply to the sale of property rights, unless otherwise follows from the content or nature of these rights.” What is sold here is not the final result of an activity that has a material expression, but a tourist product - the right to a tour, the implementation of which will lead to the result - the receipt of a range of tourist services.
In the context of entrepreneurship as the core of market relations, tourism activities should be carried out primarily on the basis of social priorities.
In recent years, there has been a significant predominance of outbound tourism over inbound tourism, and, consequently, an excess of foreign currency exports over imports. There are many reasons for this, but the main one is the rampant commercialization of tourism and, as a consequence, a sharp drop in the competitiveness of domestic, and subsequently inbound, tourism. In this part, state regulation of tourism activities (primarily the adoption of the Law on Social Tourism) should be aimed at restoring an acceptable balance of inbound and outbound tourism and revitalizing domestic tourism. It is also necessary to use the opportunities contained in Art. 4 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”: provision of preferential loans, establishment of tax and customs benefits for tour operators and travel agents engaged in tourism activities in the territory of the Russian Federation (domestic tourism) and attracting foreign citizens to engage in tourism in the territory of the Russian Federation (inbound tourism) 1
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