Champignons are on the list of the most popular types of mushrooms. They are distinguished by their special taste and relatively low cost, due to which they are in great demand among buyers. It is quite simple to organize independent cultivation of champignons, and the costs of implementing this business quickly pay off.

Features and benefits of business

Growing champignons for commercial purposes is a simple type of business. Its advantages are:

• a simple, effortless way to grow mushrooms;
• minimum amount of cash investment at the initial stage;
• high yield.

By arranging a plot of only 3 square meters, you can get about 45 kilograms of champignons.

There are about 200 types of champignons. Of these, only two pose a threat to human health: yellow and motley. For home production, bisporus champignons, also known as “cultivated” champignons, are best suited.

Organizing a business for growing champignons involves the use of an industrial method. It will allow you to obtain a harvest of 2 to 4 tons. But this requires a separate area.

This business has virtually no disadvantages, while having a whole range of advantages. If you have a closed area, you can ensure stability throughout the year. The tax rate for this is quite low. There are minimum requirements for the premises in which mushrooms will be grown. Resources for organizing production are available to almost anyone.

Where to begin?

Initially, it is necessary to develop the cultivation and sale of champignons. It includes the following steps:

• approximate size calculations;
• business registration;
• arrangement of premises for growing mushrooms;
• purchase of necessary equipment and materials;
• selection of the most productive types of champignons, and study of the technology of their cultivation;
• searching for ways to sell products.

It is first necessary to study the potential sales market and calculate the approximate volume of champignons that can be sold. You should also foresee possible risks and develop ways to solve them.

Do I need permission to open a business, documents?

In accordance with current legislation, permission to open a business for growing and selling mushrooms is issued if you have:

• phytosanitary certificate;
• certificate confirming compliance with GOST;
• instructions for placement and transportation of mushroom products;
• document on radiological monitoring.

Initially, you need to obtain the status (individual entrepreneur). Then an application is submitted about the desire to open a production facility for growing mushrooms. A certificate confirming payment of the state duty and a personal passport are required.

To grow mushrooms for commercial purposes, you should choose a taxation system (Unified Agricultural Tax).

Room

To get a harvest of 2 to 4 tons, a plot of 100 square meters is required. To grow mushrooms you need a special room. You can buy it, rent it, or equip it at home if there is sufficient territory.

At the initial stage, renting is best suited, since it is the cheapest, and if the enterprise turns out to be unprofitable, it will allow you to reduce financial losses to a minimum.

The room should be divided into four sectors with different purposes:

• compost production;
• pasteurization of compost;
• mycelium sowing;
• growing crops.

A complex of various systems should be installed in the room:

• climate control;
• communications;
• ventilation;
• humidifier.

To ensure stable growth of mushrooms, a certain microclimate should be organized in the room. In the absence of the necessary equipment, the most suitable budget option for this purpose is a greenhouse. If the site already has a similar structure for vegetable seedlings, it can also be used for growing mushrooms from September to February.

The greatest demand for mushrooms is in winter, so it is recommended to grow them at this time.

Film and glass greenhouses are suitable for champignons. They are the easiest way to provide the temperature and humidity necessary for growing mushrooms. It is also possible to use polycarbonate for arranging a greenhouse. In the greenhouse it is necessary to organize:

• gas or electric heating system;
• ventilation to eliminate carbon dioxide released by mushrooms;
• shelves to increase the number of mushrooms grown.

You can also grow mushrooms in the basement, barn, garage or attic. The requirements are the same as for a greenhouse. But the floor should be cement to reduce the likelihood of mold. Regardless of the room chosen for mushrooms, drafts must be excluded. The champignons will have enough light used by the basement owners for their own convenience.

Equipment and materials

To provide conditions for growing mushrooms indoors, you will need:

• ventilation and air conditioning with thermal control;
• refrigerator for storing products;
• water heaters (for heating the room and ensuring the required humidity level);
• lighting system.

If champignons are not grown in a greenhouse, then an additional bleach solution will be required. This substance disinfects the space of the room, reducing the risk of disease.

To grow mushrooms, you need to make a substrate consisting of:

• straw;
• sunflower husks;
• non-coniferous sawdust.

Champignons are grown in boxes, bags, pallets, and on shelves filled with a special substrate.

The most productive varieties of champignons

The list of the most productive and cultivated champignon varieties includes:

1. Silvan 130 is a selective hybrid species bred by American research, which is distinguished by its unpretentiousness, high yield and rapid growth.

2. Somicel 512, 608 – a hybrid species bred by French scientists, which is characterized by a stable and long-term harvest (the disadvantage lies in the requirements for living conditions).

3. Hauser A15- a variety popular in the American and European markets, which is characterized by a high yield, minimal requirements for various composts, and wide caps.

If you plan to grow champignons throughout the year, it is recommended to use an imported species called Horst V1 and V3.

Growing technology

Growing mushrooms involves simple technology. But inexperienced people will have to take into account a number of subtleties so that the champignons do not die. You must first prepare the room. In addition to installing equipment, cleaning should be done using antibacterial detergents.

Purchasing or preparing compost

Ready-made compost can be purchased at the store, or you can prepare the substrate yourself. To do this, sawdust, sunflower husks and straw are crushed, filled with hot water and cooled. This process is called pasteurization.

You can learn more about how to prepare compost for growing champignons yourself by watching this video:

What climatic conditions are required?

The optimal temperature suitable for growing champignons is 25 degrees Celsius above zero. The minimum humidity level is 85%. After the cover soil is poured into the container with the mycelium, the temperature gradually drops to +15 degrees Celsius. Ventilation is used for this.

Methods and stages of cultivation

Initially, you need to purchase mycelium. It can be bought at special mushroom growing enterprises, or in stores selling flower and garden products. You can collect mycelium yourself only in laboratory conditions.

The substrate is loaded into plastic bags, into which the champignon mycelium is placed. You need to make two-centimeter holes in them at a distance of 15-20 centimeters. Under suitable climatic conditions, mushrooms will grow in place of the holes. You can also use manure, lime and urea as a substrate. Many people prefer to purchase land intended for growing flowers.

If the substrate is poured into a tray or box, its thickness should be no more than 23 centimeters. Thanks to this condition, the likelihood that pathogenic microflora will harm the mycelium is minimized. A five-centimeter layer of grain powder is poured on top of the substrate, which is covered with another layer of substrate of similar thickness. After 2 weeks, cover soil is poured out, which includes chernozem, chalk and peat.

It is necessary to water periodically. A spray bottle is used for this. It creates an effect similar to rain. If you water the mycelium from a watering can, the mushrooms will not sprout. The champignons should not be exposed to direct sunlight - they can harm the crop.

Harvesting

If the planting technology was used correctly, the first harvest should appear after 2.5 weeks. The average harvest period is 4 months, depending on what type of champignons were used. High-quality watering can increase this period.

When picking mushrooms, do not cut off the stems. The champignons are separated using the twisting method. After this, the place where the mushroom grew is covered with earth and watered. Thanks to this method, new champignons will sprout in place of the picked mushroom.

If you follow the technology for growing champignons, you can get up to 8 waves of fruiting. But a full harvest is observed only from the first to the third wave. Subsequently, its volume gradually decreases.

Champignons can be stored in the refrigerator for up to 2 weeks.

Staff

Growing mushrooms in large quantities requires a staff of 3-4 people. This number of employees will be enough to harvest from 5 tons per year. Depending on the positions, the staff should consist of workers and a driver. The list of worker responsibilities includes:

• planting and growing mushrooms;
• harvesting;
• processing the premises and maintaining the necessary conditions.

The driver delivers products to sales points.

Business costs, approximate calculations

Organizing production for growing champignons will require about 3.5 million rubles. Of these the following will be spent:

• 15 thousand rubles – for business registration;
• 2 million rubles – for the purchase of premises;
• 200 thousand rubles - for the improvement of premises for growing mushrooms;
• 1 million rubles – for the purchase and installation of the necessary equipment;
• 25 thousand rubles – for the purchase or production of compost;
• 10 thousand rubles – for the purchase of mycelium;
• 25 thousand rubles - for the development and implementation of a marketing program.

If, instead of purchasing, the premises are rented, or production is organized on its own territory, you can save 2 million rubles. To support the business, you need to allocate about 70 thousand rubles monthly. From this amount is used:

• 10 thousand rubles - to pay for utilities;
• 40 thousand rubles - for wages to employees (with a staff of 3 people);
• 12 thousand rubles – to pay taxes;
• 5 thousand rubles – for the purchase of raw materials;
• 3 thousand rubles - to pay transportation costs.

If you work independently, devoting most of your time to business, you can save 40 thousand rubles. But, given the amount of work, in this case it is also recommended to hire at least one assistant.

Profitability, how much income you can get

The profitability of this business ranges from 25% to 40%. But initially the income will be minimal. The average cost of 1 kilogram of champignons is 200 rubles. In the first 2 months, production will be unprofitable, since this period will be required to grow the crop.

With a stable increase in mushroom emergence over three years, the yield indicator should increase by 2 tons. The average monthly salary is about 83 thousand rubles. Taking into account monthly expenses, net profit varies from 11 to 40 thousand rubles, depending on whether additional workers are involved in production or not.

In the second year it will increase to an amount from 30 to 70 thousand rubles. In the third year - from 60 to 100 thousand rubles.

Risks

The main risks haunt inexperienced people who decide to immediately organize large mushroom plantations. In the absence of experience, there is a high probability that some of the mushrooms will die or not germinate, and the business owner will suffer losses.

But even with experience in this area, there is a risk of mushroom death due to pests and diseases. To minimize this option, the room must be cleaned regularly.

Another risk is associated with searching for a sales market. It needs to be done in advance. Otherwise, you can grow too many champignons, for which there will not be enough buyers to sell.

Growing at home

Organizing the production of champignons for commercial purposes at home is quite difficult. Mushrooms can be grown on the balcony, in the pantry or spare room. This area will not be enough to obtain the volume of mushrooms necessary to open your own business. Therefore, growing champignons at home is suitable for those who want to have mushrooms for their own needs.

Growing champignons is a good way to start your own business. But this requires a large room and knowledge of mushroom growing technology. Therefore, first you should undergo training and try to harvest a small harvest.

Below I will present you with a brief business plan for growing champignon mushrooms, based on, which allows for more efficient use of both production space and labor.

 

Moreover, the mushroom market, both in Russia and in the CIS countries, is practically empty and is represented only by imported products, often of not very good quality, in the form of canned mushrooms. In fact, anyone who wants to has all the prerequisites not only to create such a market, but also to dictate their own terms, especially in pricing policy.

Organizational and legal aspects

In many cases of growing any plants at the initial stage of business, you can get away with such a form of management as private household plots. However, this option will not work with mushrooms, because there are rather strict requirements for producers of fresh mushrooms. Therefore, you will definitely have to register as an individual entrepreneur.

The second point is the form of taxation. When choosing a type of business such as growing champignons, you fall under the OKVED group with the number: A.01.12.31. This means that you are classified as an agricultural producer and can count on such a form of taxation as the Unified Agricultural Tax.

Unified Agricultural Tax is a unified agricultural tax that replaces all other forms of taxation and has a rate of 6% of net profit.

Sales channels

There are 3 main ways to sell grown mushrooms, these include:

1. Self-implementation, through a retail outlet in the market.
   pros: high selling price.
   Minuses: you can sell only a small amount of mushrooms on your own, the cost of salaries to sellers, or significant time costs when selling products yourself.
2. Sales through grocery stores.
   Pros: reasonable price, possibility of selling significant volumes.
   Minuses: The complexity of entering chain stores, the presence of indirect costs (fees for entering stores, other expenses), the presence of an employee on staff responsible for interaction with stores (delivery, display, conclusion of contractual documents)
3. Sales through wholesale companies.
   pros: the ability to sell large quantities of goods, no entry fee; at the initial stage, sales work can be performed by one employee.
   Minuses: low product price.

To sell mushrooms through any of the above mentioned sales channels, you must have the following list of documents:

• Declaration of conformity GOST R (order of receipt).
• Phytosanitary certificate for mushrooms.
• Radiology protocol (order of receipt).
• Guide to storing and transporting fresh mushrooms ().

Investment in a mushroom growing business

As always, the investment situation looks rather vague. After all, calculating the business plan, the cost of equipment, as well as rent, as well as bringing certain premises to the required technological standards is almost impossible to calculate. Therefore, below I will give you a list of all the necessary activities, including some equipment, based on which and based on the specific situation, you can derive the amount of the initial investment.

• Room for making compost. Area - 400 m². Equipment - 1 mini-tractor, one feed crusher (for straw), one grain crusher (for manure), plus centralized water supply and sewerage.
• Room for pasteurization of compost. Area - 50 m². Equipment - steam boiler, steam expander, steam supply system (metal pipes) including automation.
• Room for growing mycelium
• Room for growing champignons. Area - 50 m². Equipment - heating, irrigation and ventilation systems.
• Shelving and containers. Made independently or to order. The cost is unknown.

Production costs

The following cost data will be calculated for one production cycle of 2 months.

• Compost - 30 thousand rubles. From the calculation: 30 tons of compost (+/- 3 tons). Cost of components per 1 ton of compost: scrap - 500 kg - 250 rubles. litter - 320 kg - 320 rub. other components - 430 rub.
• Workers' salaries- 90 thousand rubles. (salary for one worker - 15 thousand rubles)
• The costs of heating and pasteurization are unknown, since in this case various heat sources can be used (wood, coal, gas, electricity, etc.).

Total: 120 thousand rubles.

Revenue

Again, all these figures are averages and may vary depending on time, place and circumstances.

Income. Like expenses, income will be calculated for one production cycle, based on the wholesale cost of fresh mushrooms, which currently equals 100 rubles. for 1 kg.

Total income for 2 months - 600 thousand rubles. Based on 20% of the mushroom yield from the total mass of compost:

• 30 tons of compost - 6 tons of mushrooms,
• 6 tons of mushrooms - 600 thousand rubles,
• 1 kg of mushrooms - 100 rubles.

Total net income for one production cycle will be about 480 thousand rubles., excluding heating costs.

In conclusion, I would like to give one piece of advice: before you get into the business of growing champignons on an industrial scale, try to produce them in small quantities. This will allow you to avoid many mistakes in the future and, as a result, take a more confident start.

Champignons are an integral ingredient for many dishes. That is why these mushrooms occupy a leading position in terms of sales among the entire mushroom family. Growing champignon mushrooms as a business is a profitable investment that pays off after receiving the first profit. But how much do you need to invest here for the business to bring in decent money? Read more about growing mushrooms in the article:

Growing champignon mushrooms as a business
Initial Investment

Place

The place for growing champignons should be moist but ventilated. A barn, basement, garage frame with a ventilation system or cellar is suitable for this. On a hill or directly on the floor, you can scatter soil in which the mushrooms will grow.

The soil

To grow champignons, the soil should consist of agricultural waste mixed with straw in a 1:1 ratio. Due to the low cost of champignons, there is no point in starting a business with small areas. We recommend starting with at least 50m2.

Mycelium

Mushroom “seeds,” or mycelium, can be purchased at any specialty store. One bag of mycelium costs 85 rubles. For our area of ​​50 m2 we will need about 15 bags of mycelium. It must be carefully mixed with the soil so as not to damage the mycelium structure.

So, costs for 50m2 of champignons:
Soil – 10,000 rubles
Mycelium – 1,275 rubles
Since after each cycle the soil becomes unsuitable for subsequent cultivation, the entire procedure will have to be repeated again and again. Therefore, these 11,275 rubles will need to be invested at the end of each cycle (2-4 months).
It is worth mentioning the spores that are released by mushrooms. To avoid decline in health, use a respiratory mask. Buying such a mask will cost an average of 2.5 thousand rubles.

Productivity and income calculation

The yield of champignons is about 10 kg of mushrooms per square meter for the entire cycle. Mushrooms grow in about 3 months. That is, every 90 days you can cut about 500 kg from an area of ​​50 m2. The retail price of champignons is about 120 rubles.
It turns out that your income for 3 months will be 60,000 rubles, and your profit will be 48,725 rubles.
As you can see, growing champignon mushrooms as a business is not expensive. But due to the low price, you will definitely need a large area for sowing. So, by increasing the area six times - up to 300 m2 - you will receive about 97,450 rubles monthly.

Sale of champignons

Since this business makes sense only with large volumes, you will need to think about distribution channels in advance. These mushrooms spoil quite quickly, so it is important to find regular wholesale buyers. Most often, people who grow mushrooms at home cooperate directly with catering establishments and stores.

Of course, there is another way to sell a large batch of goods in a short time. To do this, you can hire people who will sell your champignons at the market. Since the consignment of goods is quite large, several workers will be needed in different markets.
At the same time, you can use other selling methods by combining all the suitable ones at once. The less often your product deteriorates and disappears, the greater your profit will be.

Conclusion

Growing champignons has become a popular business in Russia relatively recently. This business owes its growing popularity to its low cost of money and time. But, as you have seen, it is worthwhile to grow mushrooms only if it is possible to work with large volumes of goods.

Turkey rearing. Profitable business with minimal investment! Growing potatoes for sale. Profitable seasonal business.

* The calculations use average data for Russia

RUB 1,249,000

Minimum starting capital

4 months

Payback

270,000 ₽

Net profit

How to create a mushroom farm for growing champignons

Objective of the project– creation of a mushroom farm for growing bisporus champignons for the purpose of their subsequent sale in raw form in the Krasnodar Territory and the city of Krasnodar. A satellite growing system was chosen as a business idea, the essence of which is the production and collection of champignons without the equipment of a compost workshop. Compost for champignons is purchased ready-made from a specialized company in the volumes required for production. Thanks to this, the volume of initial capital investments is reduced and time resources are saved. The enterprise has a small format. Productivity per year is up to 17 tons of mushrooms per year.

low level of initial capital investment;

Financial calculations for the project were made for an enterprise that included 6 chambers with a total growing area of ​​570 sq. m. meters. The production cycle lasts about 60-63 days. The production technology is based on the implementation of three main stages: purchase and delivery of phase 2 compost, mycelium germination, mushroom picking. Next, the harvest is sold in small wholesale to retail chains in the city of Krasnodar and at its own retail outlet in the grocery market.

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The cost of the project will be 1,249,000 rubles. For implementation, it is planned to attract borrowed funds in the amount of 700,000 rubles. The loan term is 24 months. Interest rate - 22%. Deferred payment of the first installment – ​​3 months.

*for 4 months of work

The preparatory period, including repairs and equipment of the premises, will take 4 months. Reaching the planned sales volume – 3 months.

Profitability of growing champignons

Champignons are one of the most popular cultivated mushrooms in the world. They account for about 75-80% of all cultivated mushrooms. The market for cultivated mushrooms in Russia cannot be called developed - before the embargo was introduced in August 2014, imports significantly exceeded domestic production (92% versus 8%). However, the departure of imported manufacturers and the devaluation of the ruble with a subsequent increase in product prices spurred domestic production, which over the six months of 2015, according to various sources, grew from 15 to 22%.

Despite the reduction in imports (according to Rossiyskaya Gazeta, over 6 months of 2014 the amount of foreign products decreased by 24%), there is a shortage of mushroom products on the Russian market. These factors contribute to starting your own business.

The goal of the project is to open a mushroom farm for growing champignons in the Krasnodar region, with a productivity of up to 17 tons of mushrooms per year. The company is a farm in a village located 5 km from the border of the city of Krasnodar. The production is located in its own premises with an area of ​​320 square meters. meters, previously used as a warehouse. The mushroom farm has 6 growing chambers.

A distinctive feature of the production is working with ready-made compost (phase 2), which is purchased from a specialized company in Krasnodar. Compost is delivered in the form of briquettes. In this regard, the enterprise does not need its own composting workshop, which somewhat simplifies the production procedure.

The main advantages of a mushroom farm using ready-made compost are:

lower level of initial capital investment;

minimal risks of loss of yield;

simplification of the production process.

The company's staff consists of 5 people, including a technologist, a sales manager, an accountant, a salesperson and a mushroom picker. The enterprise management structure is simple. At the head of the business is the director of the enterprise, to whom the rest of the employees report directly. Form of ownership - individual entrepreneur with a simplified taxation system (6% of income received).

How to find a market for selling champignons

The company's produced and sold product is the champignon mushroom, which is considered one of the most cultivated mushrooms in the world. Champignon has a wonderful taste, is used in many dishes and has a number of beneficial properties. Champignons are stewed, fried, boiled, pickled, added to first and second courses and salads.

80% of the mushroom consists of water. Another 20% are vitamins, minerals and organic acids. Champignons are rich in phosphorus, the content of which is close to that of fish. Due to their low calorie content, champignons are considered a dietary product, and due to the absence of sugar, they can be consumed by people with diabetes. Substances contained in champignons reduce cholesterol levels and prevent the development of tumors. Also, consuming these mushrooms reduces the likelihood of a heart attack and prevents the development of atherosclerosis.

Due to their well-known nature and taste properties, the demand for champignons in Russia is constant. Mushrooms are sold both fresh, dried and canned. This project proposes the sale of exclusively fresh products (morning collection, cooling).

The products do not require any special pre-sale preparation, including only standard procedures (washing). Transportation is carried out in ordinary boxes with a capacity of 3-5 kg.

Champignons are an environmentally friendly product, for the production of which no chemicals are used. Since growing champignons requires compost, the issue of disposal of production waste is the removal of used compost. For every ton of phase 2 compost loaded into the growing chamber, about 600-650 waste compost remains at the end of the period. However, spent champignon compost can serve as a good fertilizer for gardeners and gardeners and serve as an additional source of income.

Marketing and sales of raw champignons

Raw champignons are in demand among a large category of the population who prepare their own food. Housewives choose them purposefully for preparing first or second courses, quite often choosing mushrooms by size. The key requirements for these mushrooms are simple, but extremely comprehensive - freshness and quality. However, such products cannot always be found in stores or markets. According to a survey conducted by the School of Mushroom Growing magazine in collaboration with the Department of Mycology and Algology of Moscow State University, 17% of respondents do not buy mushrooms because they are not satisfied with the quality, and also because they are simply not on the shelves at the time of visiting the store.

Poor-quality stale champignons may have a grayish color, dark spots on the caps, and damaged film. An indicator of a low-quality mushroom can also be its consistency, which can resemble a sponge and weak elasticity. In addition, the spoiled product has a weak or unpleasant odor.

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A high-quality champignon is distinguished by a white, slightly pinkish or soft beige color, a matte cap without spots. The mushroom film is either whole (in small champignons) or with tears (in large and medium ones). The smell of this mushroom is pleasant, and the mushroom feels elastic and dense to the touch. The production process will be aimed specifically at creating high-quality champignons.

Both small family farms and large enterprises sell champignons in Krasnodar. The price of raw products in the city varies from 80 rubles. (wholesale) up to 255 rub. per kilogram and averages 170 rubles. per kilogram. As a competitive advantage, at the initial stage it is planned to sell mushrooms at a price of 160 rubles. per kilogram.

If we characterize the situation on the Russian mushroom market as a whole, we can note trends that contribute to starting your own business. According to the magazine “School of Mushroom Growing”, in the first half of 2015, the volume of production of cultivated mushrooms in Russia increased by 15% compared to the same period in 2014. The production volume of champignons reached 4,720 tons, an increase of 606 tons.

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The growth of the market was facilitated by factors such as the fact that products were subject to an embargo (the import of fresh mushrooms from EU countries was prohibited), and as a result, a reduction in imports, as well as the devaluation of the ruble. Thanks to the current situation, manufacturers were able to increase production capacity and also raise selling prices. In particular, prices for champignons increased by an average of 35% compared to the first half of 2014.

At the initial stage, it is planned to sell the manufactured goods at our own retail outlet on the Krasnodar market, as well as in small wholesale. Refrigeration equipment is used to maintain freshness. The product does not need any large-scale advertising campaigns. It is planned to attract wholesale buyers using free advertisements on the Internet, as well as through our own connections. Delivery of products to the place of sale is organized using our own transport (cargo van).

Champignon production plan

The mushroom farm has a good location, located 5 km from the city of Krasnodar, where the products are sold. The main compost supplier is located within an hour's reach from the enterprise, with whom a supply agreement has been concluded.

Mushroom production technology includes several main stages. Due to the fact that ready-made compost is purchased, compost production is completely absent from the production cycle.

At the first stage Pasteurized compost (phase 2), seeded with mycelium and containing microelements necessary for mushroom growth, is purchased from a specialized company. The compost is packaged in a special shrink film and is a rectangular block weighing 20 kg. The mycelium itself, located in the block, is at an early stage of overgrowth. Compost delivery is organized within 24 hours to avoid the negative effects of temperature and external factors. The purchased batch of compost must correspond to the area of ​​the germination chamber.

Second phase implies fruit formation. A rack system is used to grow champignons. Mushroom blocks are stacked horizontally. The film is cut off from the top of the briquette, and the side parts are lowered to the bottom to provide a single compost space. The film at the bottom of the briquette ensures the preservation of moisture necessary to obtain a high yield. The temperature required for germination is maintained in the chamber.

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At the third stage Fruiting and mushroom picking occurs. The harvest time after filling the chambers with phase 2 compost is about 35 days. Low yield is considered to be 130-160 kg/t. The average yield is about 160-190 kg/t, good and high 190-230 kg/t and from 230 kg/t, respectively. The temperature at the mushroom picking stage should be 17-18°C.

Collection is carried out daily or with short breaks between waves. The fruiting bodies are not cut off, but twisted out, then the remains of the root stalk are cut off. The collection process takes place while wearing gloves. For storage after harvesting, the crop is placed in a refrigerator. The quality of mushrooms and their shelf life are determined by their dry matter content, which is about 7-8%. If these indicators are exceeded, the mushrooms will be watery, and the shelf life will not exceed 2 days.

The total area of ​​the mushroom farm is 320 square meters. meters. To obtain a regular harvest (at least 18-20 times a month), it is necessary to create 6 chambers with a total area of ​​288 square meters. meters (48 sq. meters each), since in this case it is possible to harvest from different chambers located at different waves of fruiting. In this case, the chamber is loaded with phase 2 compost every 10 days. An approximate schedule of work on a farm with 6 growing chambers is presented in Table. 1.

Table 1. Work schedule on the farm with three growing chambers

The costs of cleaning the premises, repairs, thermal insulation, dividing into growing chambers, as well as providing the necessary communications (light, water, heating) will amount to 579 thousand rubles.

The cost of equipping the premises (purchase and installation) will amount to 470 thousand rubles. To grow champignons, you will definitely need to equip the room with a ventilation and air conditioning system. This must be done in order to regulate the air temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide content in the chambers. It will also be necessary to equip the building with a cooling, heating, automatic climate control system, electrical and water supply systems, refrigeration chambers and 5-tier shelving. To reduce costs, it was decided to give preference to equipment that was partially used, but of good quality.

To ensure the operation of the enterprise, you will need 1 manager, whose role will be the owner and founder of the company. To ensure the production process, you will need 1 technologist, 2 mushroom pickers, a laborer, as well as a seller for your own outlet in the market. The staffing table and payroll are given in Table. 3

Table 3. Staffing and wage fund

Considering the use of 5-tier racks, the total growing area will be about 570 square meters. meters. In order to grow champignons in such an area you will need about 48 tons of compost. Compost weighing 8 tons is purchased once every 9 days in 20 kg briquettes (400 briquettes per batch), wrapped in shrink film. The cost per ton of compost is 9 thousand rubles. The cultivation rate, subject to the required standards, is 25-35%. The total production volume will be 12-16.8 tons per production cycle and 72-100 tons per year. Thus, 200 kg of mushrooms will be sold per day. Compost delivery is organized by a private carrier. The delivery time of compost to the mushroom farm is 45 min-70 min. The cost of delivery services is 500 rubles/hour.

As a result, the costs of the main period are based on wages to employees (102.7 thousand people), purchase of consumables, rent of a retail outlet on the market (8 thousand rubles per month), payment for compost delivery services (500 rubles per month). /hour), payment for housing and communal services, fuel and lubricants.

Organizational plan for growing champignons

The project implementation period will be 4 months. It is planned to complete repairs, redevelopment, and thermal insulation of the premises within 2.5 months. Another 1.5 months will be required to install the air conditioning and ventilation system and equip it with other equipment.

Direct management and management of the project is carried out by the owner, who solves the main strategic functions, combining his responsibilities with the functions of a sales manager. Daily operation is supported by 2 employees involved in collection and storage, a technologist, and a general worker who is also involved in loading and delivering mushrooms to the point of sale.

Financial plan for champignon production

The costs of the preparatory period required for equipment and repairs will amount to RUB 1,049,000. Taking into account working capital, the cost of the project will be 1,249,000 rubles. For implementation, it is planned to attract borrowed funds in the amount of 700,000 rubles. The loan term is 24 months. Interest rate - 22%. Deferred payment of the first installment – ​​3 months.

The financial indicators of the project - revenue, cash flow, net profit - are given in Appendix 1. Calculations are made based on the planned sales volume of 7.3 tons of mushrooms per month.

Assessment of the efficiency of growing champignons

The project to open a mushroom farm is characterized by a high level of efficiency, which is confirmed by the indicators given in Table. 4. The payback period of the project will be 7 months. The discounted payback period is 8 months. Net profit of 270 thousand rubles. upon reaching the planned volume, it is guaranteed for 3 months. work.

Table 4. Project performance indicators

Risks and guarantees of a mushroom farm

The project to open a mushroom farm for growing champignons is a well-developed type of business, and therefore the risks of implementing the business idea are minimal. Their reduction is also influenced by the presence of premises in the property, positioning of products in the middle price segment (160 rubles per kg of fresh champignons), and favorable market conditions. However, in the course of its activities, an enterprise may encounter some predictable and unpredictable circumstances, the assessment of which is presented in Table. 5.

Table 5. Assessment of project risks and measures to prevent their occurrence or their consequences

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ANNEX 1

Main financial indicators of the project in a five-year perspective

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Calculator for calculating the profitability of this business

Growing champignons as a business and a way to increase your income has recently attracted many people. However, despite the apparent simplicity in this matter, there are a lot of subtleties and pitfalls that must be taken into account. It is best to start a champignon growing business small in order to learn all the features without any serious losses. It is imperative to understand the conditions that are necessary for the mycelium to be in excellent condition and produce a good harvest. It is necessary to pay special attention to the acquisition of high-quality mycelium, which will allow you to receive maximum income, as well as take into account many other aspects of this matter.

Room and equipment for growing champignons

In order to properly set up production and at the same time start receiving a stable income, when it comes to mushrooms, there is no need to rush. If there are no serious funds that could be invested in this business, it is advisable to start growing champignons in a small room, for example, in a garage, in a basement or on a balcony. You can independently care for mycelium in an area of ​​no more than 10 square meters without much difficulty. Larger plantings will require hired workers. In the future, when production improves and begins to generate income, you can begin to expand. To grow 2-3 tons of products, a room of about 100 m² is required. The profitability of such a business is quite high.

You need to pay attention to your inventory. If the initial area of ​​the garage or basement is not too large, it is best to purchase or make racks yourself. This will make the most of the available space. In addition to the premises, when planning a champignon growing business, you need to take care of:

• additional lighting;
• irrigation system;
• components for compost;
• containers or bags for planting mycelium;
• purchasing quality planting material;
• disinfectants;
• film and paper, etc.

If you organize a small mushroom farm, in the first stages you will not need to spend a lot of money to purchase everything you need. When arranging a room, it is necessary to take into account that it is necessary to install equipment for additional ventilation. Despite the fact that photosynthesis does not occur in mushrooms, they still need lighting for normal growth and development. Temperature and humidity require special attention. When planting mycelium or sowing spores, it should be +25…+26 °C. In the future, it must be reduced to +13°C. You need to install a thermometer and a means of additional heating in the room when necessary.

High air humidity is very important for mushrooms. It must be at least 85%. If these requirements are not met, a normal harvest will not be achieved. The compost preparation process requires special attention. In this regard, champignons are very whimsical. In order to achieve a high-quality harvest, you need to purchase a ready-made substrate, but if you wish, you can make it yourself. This issue deserves special attention, since the favorable outcome of the entire enterprise depends on this by 80%.

Preparation of substrate for champignons

In order for cultivated mushrooms to produce maximum profit, they need to be provided with an ideal nutrient environment. Approximately 80% of the total mass of the substrate should be compost. The basis for its production is horse manure, mullein or bird droppings, and dry straw from winter wheat. It is very important to maintain proportions when preparing compost. For 80% manure you need to take approximately 20% straw. You need to prepare compost in the fresh air, as this releases a lot of ammonia, nitrogen and other caustic substances. When working indoors, these compounds can cause watery eyes, coughing, and even poisoning.

To prepare compost, you need to start by preparing the straw. You need to soak it for about 2 days. Next, you need to lay it out in trays in a cross pattern. Each layer needs to be shed so that it absorbs as much water as possible. After moistening, urea and superphosphate must be immediately added. These substances must be divided into doses in advance in order to evenly fertilize each layer. It is worth proceeding from the calculation of 2 kg of urea and 2.3 kg of superphosphate per 100 kg of straw. After the tray is completely laid out, everything must be thoroughly mixed, gradually adding gypsum to the composition, which will later act as a leavening agent, and then water and chalk.

These components must be added in limited quantities. For 100 kg of straw, 8 kg of gypsum and approximately 4 kg of chalk will be sufficient. Horse manure is added last. The resulting mass must still be allowed to rot. At this time, its temperature can rise to +80°C. It is best to place the compost in a large container or hole. It must rot for at least 20-25 days. Only after this can champignons be grown on it. Compost makes up approximately 80% of the total mass of the substrate. The remaining 20% ​​should be chernozem, peat, sawdust, etc.

The best varieties of champignons for starting a business

When planning mushroom cultivation, planting material deserves special attention. You should not buy it on the market. It is necessary to buy planting material in special laboratories where all the necessary documentation is available. Currently, you can easily purchase compost and grain mycelium. These options differ significantly in shelf life. Grain mycelium is a powder that can be stored in the refrigerator at +1°C for up to 6 months. 400 g of spores is enough to inoculate 100 kg of substrate. The compost version is sold in jars. It can be stored at a temperature of about +20°C for 15-20 days. At +1°C it can be kept in the refrigerator for about a year. The consumption of compost mycelium is about 450 g per 1 m².

You should definitely pay attention to the choice of champignon variety. Good hybrids can produce up to 25 kg of product per 1 m². It is worth considering in more detail the varieties with the best performance. Champignon Somicel 608 allows you to get up to 22 kg of product from 1 m². The main advantage of this variety is its long growth, which allows the immediate harvest to be extended over several weeks, which helps prevent its loss due to lack of demand. This is especially important at the initial stage of development of such a business, when sales are still small.

Another hybrid worth considering is Silvan 130. It is characterized by early ripening, so it will be possible to establish the production of champignons faster. When favorable conditions are created, it grows quickly. The first harvest can be obtained in about 6 weeks. The fruiting bodies have a beautiful cap. The weight of one mushroom reaches approximately 45 g. The yield of champignons of this variety is about 20 kg per 1 m².

A hybrid is suitable for experienced mushroom pickers. Hazer A15. This variety allows you to get up to 29 kg from 1 m². This mushroom is best suited for those who have already established sales. This hybrid is unpretentious in terms of compost composition, but can die very quickly from infections, direct sunlight and drying out of the soil. The profitability of such a business will be quite high if all basic requirements are met, since the yield of the variety is significant.

Technology for growing mushrooms for sale

The process of harvesting from planting the mycelium to collecting the fruiting bodies has a number of subtleties. First of all, you should first prepare the room in which the mushroom will be grown, treating it with special agents to eliminate bacteria and fungi. You cannot immediately plant mycelium in previously prepared compost. It must be disinfected in advance. Heat treatment is best suited for this purpose.

The substrate must be heated to +80 °C by any available means. It must be kept at this temperature for at least 20 minutes. After this, it must be cooled to a temperature of about +25 °C and transferred to disinfected bags or trays. The layer should be no more than 35 cm. In this case, the risk of mycelium damage by pathogenic microflora can be reduced. Next, grain powder is sprayed. In the future, it must be covered with a substrate, covering it by 5-6 cm.

After this, optimal conditions must be maintained in the room. It is imperative to protect the mushroom from drafts. The temperature should be around +25°C. Humidity must be maintained at least 85%. After about 14 days, you can fill in the cover soil, which should consist of chernozem, chalk and peat in equal proportions. Next, the room temperature is gradually reduced to +15°C through room ventilation. There should be no drafts. The harvest appears in about 10 weeks.

Harvesting and selling products

The fruiting period can vary from 2 to 6 months depending on the variety. With proper care and abundant watering, it is often possible to extend the period of production. Harvesting has certain subtleties. It is best not to cut off the legs, but to carefully unscrew them. The remaining holes must be covered with earth and filled with plenty of water. In this place, a fruiting body is subsequently formed again. It is possible to obtain 7-8 waves of fruiting. Only the first 3 of them allow you to get 100% of the harvest. Further fruiting begins to decline. The harvest can be stored in a cool, damp room for 10-14 days at a temperature of +1...+10 °C. Since the shelf life of grown champignons is not too high, they need to be sold as quickly as possible.

The organization of the finished product needs to think in advance. It is most profitable to sell mushrooms to the end consumer, but it will be extremely difficult to sell large volumes with one point. It is necessary to take care in advance of finding partners in the form of various restaurants and cafes, as well as small and large retail chains, this will allow you to quickly establish a sales market and will be a good impetus for business development.